Adsense Secret

Adsense for Domains Complete Earnings

2009-04-18T20:47:00.000-07:00

One way to increase your adsense revenue from a domain or web blogs that you do not manage. Your earnings will you earn from the impression and the quality of landing page.

But the weakness you can not use adsense for free domain for a domain such as blogspot, wordpress, etc.. One site that provides free doamain and can be used for Adsense for domains is www.co.cc.

If you are interested to make adsense for domains, but before you want to see what ads adsense for a given domain belong to you, you can use the adsense preview tools below

http://www.labnol.org/google-adsense-sandbox/

You can see the ad for your domain from different countries that visit your blog or website.And that this is an additional tool as additional information for you

if you want to get the equipment on the code you can copy the following code

<TABLE><TR><TD><FORM METHOD="GET" ACTION="http://www.digitalpoint.com/tools/adsense-sandbox/"><B><FONT SIZE=-1>View AdSense Ads For:</FONT></B><BR><INPUT NAME="url" TYPE="text" SIZE=30><BR><FONT SIZE=-2>Brought to you by <A HREF="http://www.digitalpoint.com/">Digital Point Solutions</A></FONT></FORM></TD></TR></TABLE>

Google Advertising Professional

2008-12-03T21:07:00.000-08:00

Google launched the Google Advertising Professionals program in November, 2004, in response to the growing need for consultants to help the increasing number of new Google AdWords clients with their AdWords campaigns.

In terms of work performed by Google Advertising Professionals, they typically handle the following tasks:

1. Top to bottom review of client website, business model, and industry.
2. Analysis to determine client's core keywords.
3. Creation of ad copy to promote client's website on Google AdWords.
4. Determination of appropriate daily budget, ad scheduling, network targeting, and match type(s).
5. Determination of appropriate maximum cost-per-click and landing pages for specific keywords.
6. Appropriate follow-up and campaign monitoring.

Although Google AdWords is primarily a self service program, clients bring on Google Advertising Professionals for many reasons:

1. So that the clients can focus on their business itself, not the search campaigns.
2. It is less expensive to hire a Google Advertising Professional than to hire an in-house employee.
3. Clients are displeased with their existing campaigns' results.
4. Clients simply want to have a specialist handling this important part of their marketing mix.

Typically, Google Advertising Professionals fees may or may not include: a set-up fee, a monthly management fee, an hourly fee, and/or a percentage of total ad spend. To locate a Google Advertising Professional, Google recommends that you do a Google Maps search for Google Advertising Professionals.

Google Advertising Professionals range from self-employed individuals specializing in search engine marketing to full service ad agencies that cover all types of media (both online & offline).

In order to become a Qualified Individual in the Google Advertising Professionals program, a number of criteria must be met:

1. Successfully sign up for the Google Advertising Professionals program and be in good standing (Rules of Use have been accepted and the individual isn't in violation of them).
2. Manage at least one Google AdWords account (one's own or someone else's) in My Client Center for a 90 days period.
3. Attain a level of at least $1,000 (or local currency equivalent) in total ad spend within one's My Client Center account during the previous 90-day period.
4. Pass the Google Advertising Professional Exam. Google suggests that one take the exam after the above requirements have been met.

In order to become a Qualified Company in the Google Advertising Professionals program, a number of criteria must be met:

1. Maintain a billing & mailing address in a country where company qualification is available.
2. Employ no less than two Qualified Individuals in the program. Individuals must be qualified under the main company-registered My Client Center account and not their own account.
3. Attain a specific level of total ad spend (varies by country) within the company's My Client Center account during the previous 90-day period.

Every two years, a Google Advertising Professional must re-take the Google Advertising Professional Exam. This ensures that all Google Advertising Professionals are familiar with new developments within the AdWords program.

Scraper Site

2008-11-21T04:09:00.000-08:00

A scraper site is a website that copies all of its content from other websites using web scraping. No part of a scraper site is original. A search engine is not a scraper site: sites such as Yahoo and Google gather content from other websites and index it so that the index can be searched with keywords. Search engines then display snippets of the original site content in response to a user's search.

In the last few years, and due to the advent of the Google Adsense web advertising program, scraper sites have proliferated at an amazing rate for spamming search engines. Open content sites such as Wikipedia are a common source of material for scraper sites.

Made for AdSense

Some scraper sites are created for monetizing the site using advertising programs such as Google AdSense. In such case, they are called Made for AdSense sites or MFA. This is also a derogatory term used to refer to websites that have no redeeming value except to get web visitors to the website for the sole purpose of clicking on advertisements.

Made for AdSense sites are considered sites that are spamming search engines and diluting the search results by providing surfers with less-than-satisfactory search results. The scraped content is considered redundant to that which would be shown by the search engine under normal circumstances had no MFA website been found in the listings.

These types of websites are being eliminated in various search engines and sometimes show up as supplemental results instead of being displayed in the initial search results.

Some sites engage in "Adsense Arbitrage"--they will buy Adwords spots for lower cost search terms and bring the visitor to a page that is mostly Adsense. The arbitrager then makes the difference between the low value clicks he bought from AdWords and the higher value clicks generated by this traffic on his MFA sites. In 2007, Google cracked down on this business model by closing the accounts of many arbitragers. Another way Google and Yahoo are combating the proliferation of arbitrage are through quality scoring systems. For example, in Google's case, Adwords penalizes "low quality" advertiser pages by placing a higher per click value to its campaigns. This effectively evaporates the arbitrager's profit margin.

Legality

Scraper sites may violate copyright law. Even taking content from an open content site can be a copyright violation, if done in a way which does not respect the license. For instance, the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and Creative Commons ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) licenses require that a republisher inform readers of the license conditions, and give credit to the original author.

Techniques

Many scrapers will pull snippets and text from websites that rank high for keywords they have targeted. This way they hope to rank highly in the SERPs (Search Engine Results Pages). RSS feeds are vulnerable to scrapers.

Some scraper sites consist of advertisements and paragraphs of words randomly selected from a dictionary. Often a visitor will click on a pay-per-click advertisement because it is the only comprehensible text on the page. Operators of these scraper sites gain financially from these clicks. Ad networks such as Google AdSense claim to be constantly working to remove these sites from their programs, although there is an active polemic about this since these networks benefit directly from the clicks generated at these kind of sites. From the advertiser's point of view, the networks don't seem to be making enough effort to stop this problem.

Scrapers tend to be associated with link farms and are sometimes perceived as the same thing, when multiple scrapers link to the same target site. A frequent target victim site might be accused of link-farm participation, due to the artificial pattern of incoming links to a victim website, linked from multiple scraper sites.

Web Scraping

Web scraping (sometimes called harvesting) generically describes any of various means to extract content from a website over HTTP for the purpose of transforming that content into another format suitable for use in another context. Those who scrape websites may wish to store the information in their own databases or manipulate the data within a spreadsheet (Often, spreadsheets are only able to contain a fraction of the data scraped). Others may utilize data extraction techniques as means of obtaining the most recent data possible, particularly when working with information subject to frequent changes. Investors analyzing stock prices, realtors researching home listings, meteorologists studying weather, or insurance salespeople following insurance prices are a few individuals who might fit this category of users of frequently updated data.

Access to certain information may also provide users with strategic advantage in business. Attorneys might wish to scrape arrest records from county courthouses in search of potential clients. Businesses that know the locations of competitors can make better decisions about where to focus further growth. Another common, but controversial use of information taken from websites is reposting scraped data to other sites.

Scraper sites

A typical example application for web scraping is a web crawler that copies content from one or more existing websites in order to generate a scraper site. The result can range from fair use excerpts or reproduction of text and content, to plagiarized content. In some instances, plagiarized content may be used as an illicit means to increase traffic and advertising revenue. The typical scraper website generates revenue using Google AdSense, hence the term 'Made for AdSense' or MFA website.

Web scraping differs from screen scraping in the sense that a website is really not a visual screen, but a live HTML/JavaScript-based content, with a graphics interface in front of it. Therefore, web scraping does not involve working at the visual interface as screen scraping, but rather working on the underlying object structure (Document Object Model) of the HTML and JavaScript.

Web scraping also differs from screen scraping in that screen scraping typically occurs many times from the same dynamic screen "page", whereas web scraping occurs only once per web page over many different static web pages. Recursive web scraping, by following links to other pages over many web sites, is called "web harvesting". Web harvesting is necessarily performed by a software called a bot or a "webbot", "crawler", "harvester" or "spider" with similar arachnological analogies used to refer to other creepy-crawly aspects of their functions. Web harvesters are typically demonised, while "webbots" are often typecast as benevolent.

There are legal web scraping sites that provide free content and are commonly used by webmasters looking to populate a hastily made site with web content, often to profit by some means from the traffic the article hopefully brings. This content does not help the ranking of the site in search engine results because the content is not original to that page. Original content is a priority of search engines. Use of free articles usually requires one to link back to the free article site, as well as to a link(s) provided by the author. This is however not necessary as some sites those which provide free articles might also have a clause in their terms of service that does not allow copying content - link back or not. The site Wikipedia.org, (particularly the English Wikipedia) is a common target for web scraping.

Legal issues

Although scraping is against the terms of use of some websites, the enforceability of these terms is unclear.While outright duplication of original expression will in many cases be illegal, the courts ruled in Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service that duplication of facts is allowable. Also, in a February, 2006 ruling, the Danish Maritime and Commercial Court (Copenhagen) found systematic crawling, indexing and deep linking by portal site ofir.dk of real estate site Home.dk not to conflict with Danish law or the database directive of the European Union.

U.S. courts have acknowledged that users of "scrapers" or "robots" may be held liable for committing trespass to chattels,which involves a computer system itself being considered personal property upon which the user of a scraper is trespassing. However, to succeed on a claim of trespass to chattels, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant intentionally and without authorization interfered with the plaintiff's possessory interest in the computer system and that the defendant's unauthorized use caused damage to the plaintiff. Not all cases of web spidering brought before the courts have been considered trespass to chattels.

In Australia, the 2003 Spam Act outlaws some forms of web harvesting.

Technical measures to stop bots

A web master can use various measures to stop or slow a bot. Some techniques include:

* Blocking an IP address. This will also block all browsing from that address.
* If the application is well behaved, adding entries to robots.txt will be adhered to. You can stop Google and other well-behaved bots this way.
* Sometimes bots declare who they are. Well behaved ones do (for example 'googlebot'). They can be blocked on that basis. Unfortunately, malicious bots may declare they are a normal browser.
* Bots can be blocked by excess traffic monitoring.
* Bots can be blocked with tools to verify that it is a real person accessing the site, such as the CAPTCHA project.
* Sometimes bots can be blocked with carefully crafted Javascript.
* Locating bots with a honeypot or other method to identify the IP addresses of automated crawlers.

Webby Award

2008-11-05T19:17:00.000-08:00

The Webby Awards is an international award honoring excellence on the Internet, including websites, interactive advertising, online film and video, and mobile web sites, presented by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences since 1996. There is also a second set of awards called the People's Voice Awards for the same categories which are given by popular vote.

History

The phrase The Webby Awards was used from 1994-1996 by the World Wide Web Organization, which was first introduced in 1994 by WebMagic, Cisco Systems and ADX Kentrox. As one of its services, it sponsored "the monthly Webby awards to spotlight online innovation. Web.org was decommissioned in 1997.

The phrase The Webby Awards has been used since 1996 to describe an annual awards ceremony. It was initially sponsored by The Web magazine which was published by IDG, and produced by Tiffany Shlain. Winners were selected by a group which would officially become the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (IADAS) in 1998. After The Web Magazine closed, the ceremonies continued.

In 2006, The Webby Awards launched three new award programs including categories honoring interactive advertising, mobile content, and the Webby Film and Video Awards, which honors original film and video premiering on the Internet. In 2008, the 12th Annual Webby Awards received nearly 10,000 entries from over 60 countries worldwide.

Awards granted

Categories

The Webby Awards are presented in over 100 categories among all four types of entries. A website can be entered on multiple categories and receive multiple awards.

In each category, two awards are handed out: a Webby Award selected by a panel of judges, and a People's Voice Award selected by the votes of visitors to The Webby Awards site.

Acceptance speeches

The Webbys are famous for limiting recipients to five word speeches, which are often humorous. For example, in 2005, former Vice President Al Gore's was "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to state, "We all invented the Internet."At the 2007 awards, David Bowie's speech was "I only get five words? Shit, that was five. Four more there. That's three. Two."

Criticism

The Webbys have been criticized for their pay-to-enter and pay-to-attend policies, and for not taking most websites into consideration before distributing their awards.

Social Bookmarking

2008-11-05T19:11:00.000-08:00

Social bookmarking is a method for Internet users to store, organize, search, and manage bookmarks of web pages on the Internet with the help of metadata.

In a social bookmarking system, users save links to web pages that they want to remember and/or share. These bookmarks are usually public, and can be saved privately, shared only with specified people or groups, shared only inside certain networks, or another combination of public and private domains. The allowed people can usually view these bookmarks chronologically, by category or tags, or via a search engine.

Most social bookmark services encourage users to organize their bookmarks with informal tags instead of the traditional browser-based system of folders, although some services feature categories/folders or a combination of folders and tags. They also enable viewing bookmarks associated with a chosen tag, and include information about the number of users who have bookmarked them. Some social bookmarking services also draw inferences from the relationship of tags to create clusters of tags or bookmarks.

Many social bookmarking services provide web feeds for their lists of bookmarks, including lists organized by tags. This allows subscribers to become aware of new bookmarks as they are saved, shared, and tagged by other users.

As these services have matured and grown more popular, they have added extra features such as ratings and comments on bookmarks, the ability to import and export bookmarks from browsers, emailing of bookmarks, web annotation, and groups or other social network features.

History

The concept of shared online bookmarks dates back to April 1996 with the launch of itList,[2] the features of which included public and private bookmarks. Within the next three years, online bookmark services became competitive, with venture-backed companies such as Backflip, Blink, Clip2, ClickMarks, HotLinks, and others entering the market. They provided folders for organizing bookmarks, and some services automatically sorted bookmarks into folders (with varying degrees of accuracy). Blink included browser buttons for saving bookmarks; Backflip enabled users to email their bookmarks to others and displayed "Backflip this page" buttons on partner websites. Lacking viable models for making money, this early generation of social bookmarking companies failed as the dot-com bubble burst — Backflip closed citing "economic woes at the start of the 21st century". In 2005, the founder of Blink said, "I don't think it was that we were 'too early' or that we got killed when the bubble burst. I believe it all came down to product design, and to some very slight differences in approach."

Founded in 2003, del.icio.us pioneered tagging and coined the term social bookmarking. In 2004, as del.icio.us began to take off, Furl and Simpy were released, along with Citeulike and Connotea (sometimes called social citation services), and the related recommendation system Stumbleupon. In 2006, Ma.gnolia, Blue Dot, and Diigo entered the bookmarking field, and Connectbeam included a social bookmarking and tagging service aimed at businesses and enterprises. In 2007, IBM released its Lotus Connections product.

Sites such as Digg, reddit, and Newsvine offer a similar system for organization of "social news".

Advantages

With regard to creating a high-quality search engine, a social bookmarking system has several advantages over traditional automated resource location and classification software, such as search engine spiders. All tag-based classification of Internet resources (such as web sites) is done by human beings, who understand the content of the resource, as opposed to software, which algorithmically attempts to determine the meaning of a resource. Also, people tend to find and bookmark web pages that have not yet been noticed or indexed by web spiders. Additionally, a social bookmarking system can rank a resource based on how many times it has been bookmarked by users, which may be a more useful metric for end users than systems that rank resources based on the number of external links pointing to it.

For users, social bookmarking can be useful as a way to access a consolidated set of bookmarks from various computers, organize large numbers of bookmarks, and share bookmarks with contacts. Libraries have found social bookmarking to be useful as an easy way to provide lists of informative links to patrons.

Disadvantages

From the point of view of search data, there are drawbacks to such tag-based systems: no standard set of keywords (a lack of a controlled vocabulary), no standard for the structure of such tags (e.g., singular vs. plural, capitalization, etc.), mistagging due to spelling errors, tags that can have more than one meaning, unclear tags due to synonym/antonym confusion, unorthodox and personalized tag schemata from some users, and no mechanism for users to indicate hierarchical relationships between tags (e.g., a site might be labeled as both cheese and cheddar, with no mechanism that might indicate that cheddar is a refinement or sub-class of cheese).

Social bookmarking can also be susceptible to corruption and collusion. Due to its popularity, some users have started considering it as a tool to use along with search engine optimization to make their website more visible. The more often a web page is submitted and tagged, the better chance it has of being found. Spammers have started bookmarking the same web page multiple times and/or tagging each page of their web site using a lot of popular tags, obliging developers to constantly adjust their security system to overcome abuses.

Predominant compensation methods in affiliate marketing

2008-11-01T20:01:00.000-07:00

The following models are also referred to as performance based pricing/compensation model, because they only pay if a visitor performs an action that is desired by the advertisers or completes a purchase. Advertisers and publishers share the risk of a visitor that does not convert.

Pay-per-sale (PPS) - (revenue share)

Cost-per-sale (CPS). Advertiser pays the publisher a percentage of the order amount (sale) that was created by a customer who was referred by the publisher. This form of compensation is also referred to as revenue sharing.

Pay-per-lead (PPL)/pay-per-action (PPA)

Cost-per-action or cost-per-acquisition (CPA), cost per lead (CPL). Advertiser pays publisher a commission for every visitor referred by the publisher to the advertiser (web site) and performs a desired action, such as filling out a form, creating an account or signing up for a newsletter. This compensation model is very popular with online services from internet service providers, cell phone providers, banks (loans, mortgages, credit cards) and subscription services.

Special CPA compensation models

Pay-per-call

Similar to pay per click, pay per call is a business model for ad listings in search engines and directories that allows publishers to charge local advertisers on a per-call basis for each lead (call) they generate (CPA). Advertiser pays publisher a commission for phone calls received from potential prospects as response to a specific publisher ad.

The term "pay per call" is sometimes confused with click-to-call, the technology that enables the “pay-per-call” business model. Call-tracking technology allows to create a bridge between online and offline advertising. Click-to-call is a service which lets users click a button or link and immediately speak with a customer service representative. The call can either be carried over VoIP, or the customer may request an immediate call back by entering their phone number. One significant benefit to click-to-call providers is that it allows companies to monitor when online visitors change from the website to a phone sales channel.

Pay-per-call is not just restricted to local advertisers. Many of the pay-per-call search engines allows advertisers with a national presence to create ads with local telephone numbers. Pay-per-call advertising is still new and in its infancy, but according to the Kelsey Group, the pay-per-phone-call market is expected to reach US$3.7 billion by 2010.
Pay-per-install (PPI)

Advertiser pays publisher a commission for every install by a user of usually free applications bundled with adware applications. Users are prompted first if they really want to download and install this software. Pay per install is included in the definition for pay per action (like cost-per-acquisition), but its relationship to how adware is distributed made the use of this term versus pay per action more popular to distinguish it from other CPA offers that pay for software downloads. The term pay per install is being used beyond the download of adware[1].

Pricing models in search engine marketing

Pay-per-click (PPC)

Cost-per-click (CPC). Advertiser pays publisher a commission every time a visitor clicks on the advertiser's ad. It is irrelevant (for the compensation) how often an ad is displayed. commission is only due when the ad is clicked. See also click fraud.

Pay per action (PPA)

Cost-per-action (CPA). Search engines started to experiment with this compensation method in spring 2007.

Pricing modes in display advertising

Pay-per-impression (PPI)

Cost-per-mil (mil/mille/M = Latin/Roman numeral for thousand) impressions. Publisher earns a commission for every 1,000 impressions (page views/displays) of text, banner image or rich media ads.

Pay per action (PPA) or cost per action (CPA)

Cost-per-action (CPA). Used by display advertising as pricing mode as early as 1998 . By mid-2007 the CPA/Performance pricing mode (50%) superseded the CPM pricing mode (45%) and became the dominant pricing mode for display advertising .

Shared CPM

Shared Cost-per-mil (CPM) is a pricing model in which two or more advertisers share the same ad space for the duration of a single impression (or page view) in order to save CPM costs. Publishers offering a shared CPM pricing model generally offer a discount to compensate for the reduced exposure received by the advertisers that opt to share online ad space in this way. Inspired by the rotating billboards of outdoor advertising, the shared CPM pricing model can be implemented with either refresh scripts (client-side JavaScript) or specialized rich media ad units. Publishers that opt to offer a shared CPM pricing model with their existing ad management platforms must employ additional tracking methods to ensure accurate impression counting and separate click-through tracking for each advertiser that opts to share a particular ad space with one or more other advertisers.

Compensation methods in contextual advertising

Pay-per-click (PPC)

See PPC/CPC in Search engine marketing.

Pay-per-impression (PPI)

see PPI/CPM in Display Advertising

Google AdSense offers this compensation method for its "Advertise on this site" feature that allows advertisers to target specific publisher sites within the Google content network.

Compensation methods grid

There are different names used for the same type of compensation method and some compensation methods are actually special cases for another method. This grid shows alternative names for the individual compensation methods. The "cost per ..." name was used as default.

Site Map and Biositemap

2008-11-01T02:56:00.000-07:00

Easy to know about site map just for you to make better ...

A site map (or sitemap) is a representation of the architecture of a web site. It can be either a document in any form used as a planning tool for web design, or a web page that lists the pages on a web site, typically organized in hierarchical fashion. This helps visitors and search engine bots find pages on the site.

While some developers argue that site index is a more appropriately used term to relay page function, web visitors are used to seeing each term and generally associate both as one and the same. However, a site index is often used to mean an A-Z index that provides access to particular content, while a site map provides a general top-down view of the overall site contents.

Benefits of sitemaps

Site maps can improve search engine optimization of a site by making sure that all the pages can be found. This is especially important if a site uses Adobe Flash or JavaScript menus that do not include HTML links.

Most search engines will only follow a finite number of links from a page, so if a site is very large, the site map may be required so that search engines and visitors can access all content on the site.

[edit] XML sitemaps

Google introduced Google Sitemaps so web developers can publish lists of links from across their sites. The basic premise is that some sites have a large number of dynamic pages that are only available through the use of forms and user entries. The sitemap files can then be used to indicate to a web crawler how such pages can be found.
Google, MSN, Yahoo and Ask now jointly support the Sitemaps protocol.

Since MSN, Yahoo, Ask, and Google use the same protocol, having a sitemap lets the four biggest search engines have the updated page information. Sitemaps do not guarantee all links will be crawled, and being crawled does not guarantee indexing. However, a sitemap is still the best insurance for getting a search engine to learn about your entire site.

XML sitemaps have replaced the older method of "submitting to search engines" by filling out a form on the search engine's submission page. Now web developers submit a sitemap directly, or wait for search engines to find it.

Biositemap

The Biositemaps Protocol allows scientists, engineers, centers and institutions engaged in modeling, software tool development and analysis of biomedical and informatics data to broadcast and disseminate to the world the information about their latest computational biology resources (data, software tools and web-services). The biositemap concept is based on ideas from and Crawler-friendly Web Servers, and it integrates the features of Sitemaps and RSS feeds into a decentralized mechanism for announcing and communicating updates to existent and introduction of new biomedical data and computing resources. These site, institution or investigator specific biositemap descriptions are posted in XML format online and are searched, parsed, monitored and interpreted by web search engines, human and machine interfaces, custom-design web crawlers and other outlets interested in discovering updated or novel resources for bioinformatics and biomedical research investigations. The biositemap mechanism separates the providers of biomedical resources (investigators or institutions) from the consumers of resource content (researchers, clinicians, news media, funding agencies, educational and research initiatives).

A Biositemap is an XML file that lists the biomedical and bioinformatics resources for a specific research group or consortium. It allows developers of biomedical resources to completely describe the functionality and usability and of each of their software tools, databases or web-services.

* when providers and consumers of bioinformatics and biomedical computing resources need to communicate in a scalable, efficient, agile and decentralized fashion. In these cases, a human (graphical) or a machine (computer) interface connects the descriptions of resources and facilities the search, comparison and utilization of most relevant resources for specific scientific studies. This infrastructure enables effective and timely matching of services and needs among biomedical investigators and the public in general.
* where meta-resources, computational or digital libraries need to update their contents to reflect the current states of newly developed biomedical materials and resources using AJAX, JSON or WSDL protocols.

Biositemaps supplement and do not replace the existing frameworks for dissemination of data, tools and services. By broadcasting a relevant and up-to-date Biositemap file on the web, investigators and institutions are only helping different engine's crawlers, machine interfaces and users dynamically acquire, interpret, process and utilize the most accurate information about the state of the resources disseminated by the developing group. Using this biositemap protocol does not guarantee that your resources will be included in search indexes nor does it influence the way that your tools are ranked or perceived by the community.

About Google Guidelines

2008-11-01T02:53:00.000-07:00

Here for you around Google guidlines, The Google webmaster guidelines are a list of suggested practices Google has provided as guidance to webmasters. Websites that do not follow some of the guidelines may be removed from the Google index. A website experiencing problems being indexed or ranked well can find direction in the guidelines. Often websites are not following all of the guidelines and may experience a lower ranking in Google's search engine results or complete removal from the Google index. There are currently thirty-one guidelines which are split into four categories:

1. Quality: There are five "basic principles" and eight "specific guidelines" in this category. These guidelines are directed toward deceptive behavior and manipulation attempts that may lessen the quality of the Google search engine results. Violations of the quality guidelines are the most common reason of a website being removed from Google's index.
2. Technical: There are five guidelines in this category. These guidelines cover specific issues that may inhibit a web page from being seen by Googlebot, which is Google's search engine crawler.
3. Design and content: There are nine guidelines in this category. These guidelines give practical information to webmasters concerning the way their site is built and represent the most common unintentional mistakes that webmasters make.
4. When your site is ready:There are five guidelines in this category. These guideline provide specific direction for a webmaster who has created a new site and are also relevant for older sites which are not yet in the Google index.

Let's Blogging !

Web Design

2008-11-01T02:48:00.000-07:00

Web page design is a process of conceptualization, planning, modeling, and execution of electronic media content delivery via Internet in the form of technologies (such as markup languages) suitable for interpretation and display by a web browser or other web-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

The intent of web design is to create a web site (a collection of electronic files residing on one or more web servers) that presents content (including interactive features or interfaces) to the end user in the form of web pages once requested. Such elements as text, forms, and bit-mapped images (GIFs, JPEGs, PNGs) can be placed on the page using HTML, XHTML, or XML tags. Displaying more complex media (vector graphics, animations, videos, sounds) usually requires plug-ins such as Flash, QuickTime, Java run-time environment, etc. Plug-ins are also embedded into web pages by using HTML or XHTML tags.

Improvements in the various browsers' compliance with W3C standards prompted a widespread acceptance of XHTML and XML in conjunction with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to position and manipulate web page elements. The latest standards and proposals aim at leading to the various browsers' ability to deliver a wide variety of media and accessibility options to the client possibly without employing plug-ins.

Typically web pages are classified as static or dynamic.

* Static pages don’t change content and layout with every request unless a human (web master or programmer) manually updates the page.

* Dynamic pages adapt their content and/or appearance depending on the end-user’s input or interaction or changes in the computing environment (user, time, database modifications, etc.) Content can be changed on the client side (end-user's computer) by using client-side scripting languages (JavaScript, JScript, Actionscript, media players and PDF reader plug-ins, etc.) to alter DOM elements (DHTML). Dynamic content is often compiled on the server utilizing server-side scripting languages (PHP, ASP, Perl, Coldfusion, JSP, Python, etc.). Both approaches are usually used in complex applications.

With growing specialization within communication design and information technology fields, there is a strong tendency to draw a clear line between web design specifically for web pages and web development for the overall logistics of all web-based services.

Web Site Design

A web site is a collection of information about a particular topic or subject. Designing a web site is defined as the arrangement and creation of web pages that in turn make up a web site. A web page consists of information for which the web site is developed. A web site might be compared to a book, where each page of the book is a web page.

There are many aspects (design concerns) in this process, and due to the rapid development of the Internet, new aspects may emerge. For non-commercial web sites, the goals may vary depending on the desired exposure and response. For typical commercial web sites, the basic aspects of design are:

* The content: the substance, and information on the site should be relevant to the site and should target the area of the public that the website is concerned with.
* The usability: the site should be user-friendly, with the interface and navigation simple and reliable.
* The appearance: the graphics and text should include a single style that flows throughout, to show consistency. The style should be professional, appealing and relevant.
* The visibility: the site must also be easy to find via most, if not all, major search engines and advertisement media.

A web site typically consists of text and images. The first page of a web site is known as the Home page or Index. Some web sites use what is commonly called a Splash Page. Splash pages might include a welcome message, language or region selection, or disclaimer. Each web page within a web site is an HTML file which has its own URL. After each web page is created, they are typically linked together using a navigation menu composed of hyperlinks. Faster browsing speeds have led to shorter attention spans and more demanding online visitors and this has resulted in less use of Splash Pages, particularly where commercial web sites are concerned.

Once a web site is completed, it must be published or uploaded in order to be viewable to the public over the internet. This may be done using an FTP client. Once published, the web master may use a variety of techniques to increase the traffic, or hits, that the web site receives. This may include submitting the web site to a search engine such as Google or Yahoo, exchanging links with other web sites, creating affiliations with similar web sites, etc.

Multidisciplinary requirements

Web site design crosses multiple disciplines of information systems, information technology and communication design. The web site is an information system whose components are sometimes classified as front-end and back-end. The observable content (e.g. page layout, user interface, graphics, text, audio) is known as the front-end. The back-end comprises the organization and efficiency of the source code, invisible scripted functions, and the server-side components that process the output from the front-end. Depending on the size of a Web development project, it may be carried out by a multi-skilled individual (sometimes called a web master), or a project manager may oversee collaborative design between group members with specialized skills.

Issues

As in collaborative designs, there are conflicts between differing goals and methods of web site designs. These are a few of the ongoing ones.

Lack of collaboration in design

In the early stages of the web, there wasn't as much collaboration between web designs and larger advertising campaigns, customer transactions, social networking, intranets and extranets as there is now. Web pages were mainly static online brochures disconnected from the larger projects.

Many web pages are still disconnected from larger projects. Special design considerations are necessary for use within these larger projects. These design considerations are often overlooked, especially in cases where there is a lack of leadership, lack of understanding of why and technical knowledge of how to integrate, or lack of concern for the larger project in order to facilitate collaboration. This often results in unhealthy competition or compromise between departments, and less than optimal use of web pages.

Liquid versus fixed layouts

On the web the designer has no control over several factors, including the size of the browser window, the web browser used, the input devices used (mouse, touch screen, voice command, text, cell phone number pad, etc.) and the size and characteristics of available fonts.

Some designers choose to control the appearance of the elements on the screen by using specific width designations. This control may be achieved through the use of a HTML table-based design or a more semantic div-based design through the use of CSS. Whenever the text, images, and layout of a design do not change as the browser changes, this is referred to as a fixed width design. Proponents of fixed width design prefer precise control over the layout of a site and the precision placement of objects on the page. Other designers choose a liquid design. A liquid design is one where the design moves to flow content into the whole screen, or a portion of the screen, no matter what the size of the browser window. Proponents of liquid design prefer greater compatibility and using the screen space available. Liquid design can be achieved through the use of CSS, by avoiding styling the page altogether, or by using HTML tables (or more semantic divs) set to a percentage of the page. Both liquid and fixed design developers must make decisions about how the design should degrade on higher and lower screen resolutions. Sometimes the pragmatic choice is made to flow the design between a minimum and a maximum width. This allows the designer to avoid coding for the browser choices making up The Long Tail, while still using all available screen space. Depending on the purpose of the content, a web designer may decide to use either fixed or liquid layouts on a case-by-case basis.

Similar to liquid layout is the optional fit to window feature with Adobe Flash content. This is a fixed layout that optimally scales the content of the page without changing the arrangement or text wrapping when the browser is resized.

Flash

Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) is a proprietary, robust graphics animation or application development program used to create and deliver dynamic content, media (such as sound and video), and interactive applications over the web via the browser.

Flash is not a standard produced by a vendor-neutral standards organization like most of the core protocols and formats on the Internet. Flash is much more restrictive than the open HTML format, though, requiring a proprietary plugin to be seen, and it does not integrate with most web browser UI features like the "Back" button.

According to a study, 98% of US Web users have the Flash Player installed.[3] The percentage has remained fairly constant over the years; for example, a study conducted by NPD Research in 2002 showed that 97.8% of US Web users had the Flash player installed. Numbers vary depending on the detection scheme and research demographics.

Many graphic artists use Flash because it gives them exact control over every part of the design, and anything can be animated and generally "jazzed up". Some application designers enjoy Flash because it lets them create applications that do not have to be refreshed or go to a new web page every time an action occurs. Flash can use embedded fonts instead of the standard fonts installed on most computers. There are many sites which forgo HTML entirely for Flash. Other sites may use Flash content combined with HTML as conservatively as gifs or jpegs would be used, but with smaller vector file sizes and the option of faster loading animations. Flash may also be used to protect content from unauthorized duplication or searching. Alternatively, small, dynamic Flash objects may be used to replace standard HTML elements (such as headers or menu links) with advanced typography not possible via regular HTML or CSS (see Scalable Inman Flash Replacement).

Flash detractors claim that Flash websites tend to be poorly designed, and often use confusing and non-standard user-interfaces, such as the inability to scale according to the size of the web browser, or it's incompatibility with common browser features such as the back button. Up until recently, search engines have been unable to index Flash objects, which has prevented sites from having their contents easily found. This is because many search engine crawlers rely on text to index websites. It is possible to specify alternate content to be displayed for browsers that do not support Flash. Using alternate content also helps search engines to understand the page, and can result in much better visibility for the page. However, the vast majority of Flash websites are not disability accessible (for screen readers, for example) or Section 508 compliant. An additional issue is that sites which commonly use alternate content for search engines to their human visitors are usually judged to be spamming search engines and are automatically banned.

The most recent incarnation of Flash's scripting language (called "ActionScript", which is an ECMA language similar to JavaScript) incorporates long-awaited usability features, such as respecting the browser's font size and allowing blind users to use screen readers. Actionscript 2.0 is an Object-Oriented language, allowing the use of CSS, XML, and the design of class-based web applications.

CSS versus tables for layout

When Netscape Navigator 4 dominated the browser market, the popular solution available for designers to lay out a Web page was by using tables. Often even simple designs for a page would require dozens of tables nested in each other. Many web templates in Dreamweaver and other WYSIWYG editors still use this technique today. Navigator 4 didn't support CSS to a useful degree, so it simply wasn't used.

After the browser wars subsided, and the dominant browsers such as Internet Explorer became more W3C compliant, designers started turning toward CSS as an alternate means of laying out their pages. CSS proponents say that tables should be used only for tabular data, not for layout. Using CSS instead of tables also returns HTML to a semantic markup, which helps bots and search engines understand what's going on in a web page. All modern Web browsers support CSS with different degrees of limitations.

However, one of the main points against CSS is that by relying on it exclusively, control is essentially relinquished as each browser has its own quirks which result in a slightly different page display. This is especially a problem as not every browser supports the same subset of CSS rules. For designers who are used to table-based layouts, developing Web sites in CSS often becomes a matter of trying to replicate what can be done with tables, leading some to find CSS design rather cumbersome due to lack of familiarity. For example, at one time it was rather difficult to produce certain design elements, such as vertical positioning, and full-length footers in a design using absolute positions. With the abundance of CSS resources available online today, though, designing with reasonable adherence to ,;;' standards involves little more than applying CSS 2.1 or CSS 3 to properly structured markup.

These days most modern browsers have solved most of these quirks in CSS rendering and this has made many different CSS layouts possible. However, some people continue to use old browsers, and designers need to keep this in mind, and allow for graceful degrading of pages in older browsers. Most notable among these old browsers are Internet Explorer 5 and 5.5, which, according to some web designers, are becoming the new Netscape Navigator 4 — a block that holds the World Wide Web back from converting to CSS design. However, the W3 Consortium has made CSS in combination with XHTML the standard for web design.

Form versus Function

Some web developers have a graphic arts background and may pay more attention to how a page looks than considering other issues such as how visitors are going to find the page via a search engine. Some might rely more on advertising than search engines to attract visitors to the site. On the other side of the issue, search engine optimization consultants (SEOs) are concerned with how well a web site works technically and textually: how much traffic it generates via search engines, and how many sales it makes, assuming looks don't contribute to the sales. As a result, the designers and SEOs often end up in disputes where the designer wants more 'pretty' graphics, and the SEO wants lots of 'ugly' keyword-rich text, bullet lists, and text links. One could argue that this is a false dichotomy due to the possibility that a web design may integrate the two disciplines for a collaborative and synergistic solution. Because some graphics serve communication purposes in addition to aesthetics, how well a site works may depend on the graphic designer's visual communication ideas as well as the SEO considerations.

Another problem when using a lot of graphics on a page is that download times can be greatly lengthened, often irritating the user. This has become less of a problem as the internet has evolved with high-speed internet and the use of vector graphics. This is an engineering challenge to increase bandwidth in addition to an artistic challenge to minimize graphics and graphic file sizes. This is an on-going challenge as increased bandwidth invites increased amounts of content.

Accessible Web design

Web accessibility

To be accessible, web pages and sites must conform to certain accessibility principles. These can be grouped into the following main areas:

* use semantic markup that provides a meaningful structure to the document (i.e. web page)
* Semantic markup also refers to semantically organizing the web page structure and publishing web services description accordingly so that they can be recognized by other web services on different web pages. Standards for semantic web are set by IEEE
* use a valid markup language that conforms to a published DTD or Schema
* provide text equivalents for any non-text components (e.g. images, multimedia)
* use hyperlinks that make sense when read out of context. (e.g. avoid "Click Here.")
* don't use frames
* use CSS rather than HTML Tables for layout.
* author the page so that when the source code is read line-by-line by user agents (such as a screen readers) it remains intelligible. (Using tables for design will often result in information that is not.)

However, W3C permits an exception where tables for layout either make sense when linearized or an alternate version (perhaps linearized) is made available.

Website accessibility is also changing as it is impacted by Content Management Systems that allow changes to be made to webpages without the need of obtaining programming language knowledge.

Website Planning

Before creating and uploading a website, it is important to take the time to plan exactly what is needed in the website. Thoroughly considering the audience or target market, as well as defining the purpose and deciding what content will be developed are extremely important.

Purpose

It is essential to define the purpose of the website as one of the first steps in the planning process. A purpose statement should show focus based on what the website will accomplish and what the users will get from it. A clearly defined purpose will help the rest of the planning process as the audience is identified and the content of the site is developed. Setting short and long term goals for the website will help make the purpose clear and plan for the future when expansion, modification, and improvement will take place. Also, goal-setting practices and measurable objectives should be identified to track the progress of the site and determine success.

Audience

Defining the audience is a key step in the website planning process. The audience is the group of people who are expected to visit your website – the market being targeted. These people will be viewing the website for a specific reason and it is important to know exactly what they are looking for when they visit the site. A clearly defined purpose or goal of the site as well as an understanding of what visitors want to do or feel when they come to your site will help to identify the target audience. Upon considering who is most likely to need or use the content, a list of characteristics common to the users such as:

* Audience Characteristics
* Information Preferences
* Computer Specifications
* Web Experience

Taking into account the characteristics of the audience will allow an effective website to be created that will deliver the desired content to the target audience.

Content

Content evaluation and organization requires that the purpose of the website be clearly defined. Collecting a list of the necessary content then organizing it according to the audience's needs is a key step in website planning. In the process of gathering the content being offered, any items that do not support the defined purpose or accomplish target audience objectives should be removed. It is a good idea to test the content and purpose on a focus group and compare the offerings to the audience needs. The next step is to organize the basic information structure by categorizing the content and organizing it according to user needs. Each category should be named with a concise and descriptive title that will become a link on the website. Planning for the site's content ensures that the wants or needs of the target audience and the purpose of the site will be fulfilled.

Compatibility and restrictions

Because of the market share of modern browsers (depending on your target market), the compatibility of your website with the viewers is restricted. For instance, a website that is designed for the majority of websurfers will be limited to the use of valid XHTML 1.0 Strict or older, Cascading Style Sheets Level 1, and 1024x768 display resolution. This is because Internet Explorer is not fully W3C standards compliant with the modularity of XHTML 1.1 and the majority of CSS beyond 1. A target market of more alternative browser (e.g. Firefox and Opera) users allow for more W3C compliance and thus a greater range of options for a web designer.

Another restriction on webpage design is the use of different Image file formats. The majority of users can support GIF, JPEG, and PNG (with restrictions). Again Internet Explorer is the major restriction here, not fully supporting PNG's advanced transparency features, resulting in the GIF format still being the most widely used graphic file format for transparent images.

Many website incompatibilities go unnoticed by the designer and unreported by the users. The only way to be certain a website will work on a particular platform is to test it on that platform.

Planning Documentation

Documentation is used to visually plan the site while taking into account the purpose, audience and content, to design the site structure, content and interactions that are most suitable for the website. Documentation may be considered a prototype for the website – a model which allows the website layout to be reviewed, resulting in suggested changes, improvements and/or enhancements. This review process increases the likelihood of success of the website.

First, the content is categorized and the information structure is formulated. The information structure is used to develop a document or visual diagram called a site map. This creates a visual of how the web pages will be interconnected, which helps in deciding what content will be placed on what pages. There are three main ways of diagramming the website structure:

* Linear Website Diagrams will allow the users to move in a predetermined sequence;
* Hierarchical structures (of Tree Design Website Diagrams) provide more than one path for users to take to their destination;
* Branch Design Website Diagrams allow for many interconnections between web pages such as hyperlinks within sentences.

In addition to planning the structure, the layout and interface of individual pages may be planned using a storyboard. In the process of storyboarding, a record is made of the description, purpose and title of each page in the site, and they are linked together according to the most effective and logical diagram type. Depending on the number of pages required for the website, documentation methods may include using pieces of paper and drawing lines to connect them, or creating the storyboard using computer software.

Some or all of the individual pages may be designed in greater detail as a website wireframe, a mock up model or comprehensive layout of what the page will actually look like. This is often done in a graphic program, or layout design program. The wireframe has no working functionality, only planning, though it can be used for selling ideas to other web design companies.

Domain Name System

2008-10-31T06:07:00.000-07:00

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource participating in the Internet. It associates various information with domain names assigned to such participants. Most importantly, it translates humanly meaningful domain names to the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices world-wide. An often used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166.

he Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each user's physical location. Because of this, World-Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208.77.188.166(IPv4) or 2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). People take advantage of this when they recite meaningful URLs and e-mail addresses without having to know how the machine will actually locate them.

The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility for assigning domain names and mapping them to Internet Protocol (IP) networks by designating authoritative name servers for each domain to keep track of their own changes, avoiding the need for a central register to be continually consulted and updated.

In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a world-wide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet.

Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially utilize DNS .

The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). The context of the DNS within the Internet protocols may be seen in the following diagram. The DNS protocol was developed and defined in the early 1980's and published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (cf. History).

History

The practice of using a name as a more human-legible abstraction of a machine's numerical address on the network predates even TCP/IP. This practice dates back to the ARPAnet era. Back then, a different system was used. The DNS was invented in 1983, shortly after TCP/IP was deployed. With the older system, each computer on the network retrieved a file called HOSTS.TXT from a computer at SRI (now SRI International). The HOSTS.TXT file mapped numerical addresses to names. A hosts file still exists on most modern operating systems, either by default or through configuration, and allows users to specify an IP address (eg. 208.77.188.166) to use for a hostname (eg. www.example.net) without checking DNS. Systems based on a hosts file have inherent limitations, because of the obvious requirement that every time a given computer's address changed, every computer that seeks to communicate with it would need an update to its hosts file.

The growth of networking required a more scalable system that recorded a change in a host's address in one place only. Other hosts would learn about the change dynamically through a notification system, thus completing a globally accessible network of all hosts' names and their associated IP Addresses.

At the request of Jon Postel, Paul Mockapetris invented the Domain Name system in 1983 and wrote the first implementation. The original specifications appear in RFC 882 and RFC 883. In November 1987, the publication of RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 updated the DNS specification and made RFC 882 and RFC 883 obsolete. Several more-recent RFCs have proposed various extensions to the core DNS protocols.

In 1984, four Berkeley students—Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle and Songnian Zhou—wrote the first UNIX implementation, which was maintained by Ralph Campbell thereafter. In 1985, Kevin Dunlap of DEC significantly re-wrote the DNS implementation and renamed it BIND—Berkeley Internet Name Domain. Mike Karels, Phil Almquist and Paul Vixie have maintained BIND since then. BIND was ported to the Windows NT platform in the early 1990s.

BIND was widely distributed, especially on Unix systems, and is the dominant DNS software in use on the Internet. With the heavy use and resulting scrutiny of its open-source code, as well as increasingly more sophisticated attack methods, many security flaws were discovered in BIND. This contributed to the development of a number alternative nameserver and resolver programs. BIND itself was re-written from scratch in version 9, which has a security record comparable to other modern Internet software.

Structure

The domain name space
Domain names, arranged in a tree, cut into zones, each served by a nameserver.

The domain name space consists of a tree of domain names. Only one node or leaf in the tree has zero or more resource records, which hold information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into zones beginning at the root zone. A DNS zone consists of a collection of connected nodes authoritatively served by an authoritative nameserver. (Note that a single nameserver can host several zones.)

Administrative responsibility over any zone may be divided, thereby creating additional zones. Authority is said to be delegated for a portion of the old space, usually in form of sub-domains, to another nameserver and administrative entity. The old zone ceases to be authoritative for the new zone.

Parts of a domain name

A domain name usually consists of two or more parts (technically a label), which is conventionally written separated by dots, such as example.com.

* The rightmost label conveys the top-level domain (for example, the address www.example.com has the top-level domain com).
* Each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain above it. Note: “subdomain” expresses relative dependence, not absolute dependence. For example: example.com is a subdomain of the com domain, and www.example.com is a subdomain of the domain example.com. In theory, this subdivision can go down 127 levels. Each label can contain up to 63 octets. The whole domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 octets. In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits.
* A hostname refers to a domain name that has one or more associated IP addresses; ie: the 'www.example.com' and 'example.com' domains are both hostnames, however, the 'com' domain is not.

DNS servers

Name server

The Domain Name System is maintained by a distributed database system, which uses the client-server model. The nodes of this database are the name servers. Each domain or subdomain has one or more authoritative DNS servers that publish information about that domain and the name servers of any domains subordinate to it. The top of the hierarchy is served by the root nameservers: the servers to query when looking up (resolving) a top-level domain name (TLD).

DNS resolvers

The client-side of the DNS is called a DNS resolver. It is responsible for initiating and sequencing the queries that ultimately lead to a full resolution (translation) of the resource sought, e.g., translation of a domain name into an IP address.

A DNS query may be either a recursive query or a non-recursive query:

* A non-recursive query is one in which the DNS server may provide a partial answer to the query (or give an error).
* A recursive query is one where the DNS server will fully answer the query (or give an error). DNS servers are not required to support recursive queries.

The resolver (or another DNS server acting recursively on behalf of the resolver) negotiates use of recursive service using bits in the query headers.

Resolving usually entails iterating through several name servers to find the needed information. However, some resolvers function simplistically and can communicate only with a single name server. These simple resolvers rely on a recursive query to a recursive name server to perform the work of finding information for them.

Address resolution mechanism

In theory a full host name may have several name segments, (e.g ahost.ofasubnet.ofabiggernet.inadomain.example). In practice, full host names will frequently consist of just three segments (ahost.inadomain.example, and most often www.inadomain.example). For querying purposes, software interprets the name segment by segment, from right to left, using an iterative search procedure. At each step along the way, the program queries a corresponding DNS server to provide a pointer to the next server which it should consult.
A DNS recursor consults three nameservers to resolve the address www.wikipedia.org.

As originally envisaged, the process was as simple as:

1. the local system is pre-configured with the known addresses of the root servers in a file of root hints, which need to be updated periodically by the local administrator from a reliable source to be kept up to date with the changes which occur over time.
2. query one of the root servers to find the server authoritative for the next level down (so in the case of our simple hostname, a root server would be asked for the address of a server with detailed knowledge of the example top level domain).
3. querying this second server for the address of a DNS server with detailed knowledge of the second-level domain (inadomain.example in our example).
4. repeating the previous step to progress down the name, until the final step which would, rather than generating the address of the next DNS server, return the final address sought.

The diagram illustrates this process for the real host www.wikipedia.org.

The mechanism in this simple form has a difficulty: it places a huge operating burden on the root servers, with every search for an address starting by querying one of them. Being as critical as they are to the overall function of the system, such heavy use would create an insurmountable bottleneck for trillions of queries placed every day. In practice caching is used to overcome this problem, and in actual fact root nameservers deal with very little of the total traffic.

Circular dependencies and glue records

Name servers in delegations appear listed by name, rather than by IP address. This means that a resolving name server must issue another DNS request to find out the IP address of the server to which it has been referred. Since this can introduce a circular dependency if the nameserver referred to is under the domain that it is authoritative of, it is occasionally necessary for the nameserver providing the delegation to also provide the IP address of the next nameserver. This record is called a glue record.

For example, assume that the sub-domain en.wikipedia.org contains further sub-domains (such as something.en.wikipedia.org) and that the authoritative name server for these lives at ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org. A computer trying to resolve something.en.wikipedia.org will thus first have to resolve ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org. Since ns1 is also under the something.en.wikipedia.org subdomain, resolving ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org requires resolving something.en.wikipedia.org which is exactly the circular dependency mentioned above. The dependency is broken by the glue record in the nameserver of en.wikipedia.org that provides the IP address of ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org directly to the requestor, enabling it to bootstrap the process by figuring out where ns1.something.en.wikipedia.org is located.

In practice

When an application (such as a web browser) tries to find the IP address of a domain name, it doesn't necessarily follow all of the steps outlined in the Theory section above. We will first look at the concept of caching, and then outline the operation of DNS in "the real world."

Caching and time to live

Because of the huge volume of requests generated by a system like DNS, the designers wished to provide a mechanism to reduce the load on individual DNS servers. To this end, the DNS resolution process allows for caching (i.e. the local recording and subsequent consultation of the results of a DNS query) for a given period of time after a successful answer. How long a resolver caches a DNS response (i.e. how long a DNS response remains valid) is determined by a value called the time to live (TTL). The TTL is set by the administrator of the DNS server handing out the response. The period of validity may vary from just seconds to days or even weeks.

Caching time

As a noteworthy consequence of this distributed and caching architecture, changes to DNS do not always take effect immediately and globally. This is best explained with an example: If an administrator has set a TTL of 6 hours for the host www.wikipedia.org, and then changes the IP address to which www.wikipedia.org resolves at 12:01pm, the administrator must consider that a person who cached a response with the old IP address at 12:00noon will not consult the DNS server again until 6:00pm. The period between 12:01pm and 6:00pm in this example is called caching time, which is best defined as a period of time that begins when you make a change to a DNS record and ends after the maximum amount of time specified by the TTL expires. This essentially leads to an important logistical consideration when making changes to DNS: not everyone is necessarily seeing the same thing you're seeing. RFC 1537 helps to convey basic rules for how to set the TTL.

Note that the term "propagation", although very widely used in this context, does not describe the effects of caching well. Specifically, it implies that when you make a DNS change, it somehow spreads to all other DNS servers (instead, other DNS servers check in with yours as needed), and that you do not have control over the amount of time the record is cached (you control the TTL values for all DNS records in your domain, except your NS records and any authoritative DNS servers that use your domain name).

Some resolvers may override TTL values, as the protocol supports caching for up to 68 years or no caching at all. Negative caching (the non-existence of records) is determined by name servers authoritative for a zone which MUST include the Start of Authority (SOA) record when reporting no data of the requested type exists. The MINIMUM field of the SOA record and the TTL of the SOA itself is used to establish the TTL for the negative answer. RFC 2308

Many people incorrectly refer to a mysterious 48 hour or 72 hour propagation time when you make a DNS change. When one changes the NS records for one's domain or the IP addresses for hostnames of authoritative DNS servers using one's domain (if any), there can be a lengthy period of time before all DNS servers use the new information. This is because those records are handled by the zone parent DNS servers (for example, the .com DNS servers if your domain is example.com), which typically cache those records for 48 hours. However, those DNS changes will be immediately available for any DNS servers that do not have them cached. And any DNS changes on your domain other than the NS records and authoritative DNS server names can be nearly instantaneous, if you choose for them to be (by lowering the TTL once or twice ahead of time, and waiting until the old TTL expires before making the change).

In the real world
DNS resolving from program to OS-resolver to ISP-resolver to greater system.

Users generally do not communicate directly with a DNS resolver. Instead DNS-resolution takes place transparently in client-applications such as web-browsers, mail-clients, and other Internet applications. When an application makes a request which requires a DNS lookup, such programs send a resolution request to the local DNS resolver in the local operating system, which in turn handles the communications required.

The DNS resolver will almost invariably have a cache (see above) containing recent lookups. If the cache can provide the answer to the request, the resolver will return the value in the cache to the program that made the request. If the cache does not contain the answer, the resolver will send the request to one or more designated DNS servers. In the case of most home users, the Internet service provider to which the machine connects will usually supply this DNS server: such a user will either have configured that server's address manually or allowed DHCP to set it; however, where systems administrators have configured systems to use their own DNS servers, their DNS resolvers point to separately maintained nameservers of the organization. In any event, the name server thus queried will follow the process outlined above, until it either successfully finds a result or does not. It then returns its results to the DNS resolver; assuming it has found a result, the resolver duly caches that result for future use, and hands the result back to the software which initiated the request.

Broken resolvers

An additional level of complexity emerges when resolvers violate the rules of the DNS protocol. A number of large ISPs have configured their DNS servers to violate rules (presumably to allow them to run on less-expensive hardware than a fully-compliant resolver), such as by disobeying TTLs, or by indicating that a domain name does not exist just because one of its name servers does not respond.[citation needed]

As a final level of complexity, some applications (such as web-browsers) also have their own DNS cache, in order to reduce the use of the DNS resolver library itself. This practice can add extra difficulty when debugging DNS issues, as it obscures the freshness of data, and/or what data comes from which cache. These caches typically use very short caching times — on the order of one minute. Internet Explorer offers a notable exception: recent versions cache DNS records for half an hour.

Other applications

The system outlined above provides a somewhat simplified scenario. The Domain Name System includes several other functions:

* Hostnames and IP addresses do not necessarily match on a one-to-one basis. Many hostnames may correspond to a single IP address: combined with virtual hosting, this allows a single machine to serve many web sites. Alternatively a single hostname may correspond to many IP addresses: this can facilitate fault tolerance and load distribution, and also allows a site to move physical location seamlessly.
* There are many uses of DNS besides translating names to IP addresses. For instance, Mail transfer agents use DNS to find out where to deliver e-mail for a particular address. The domain to mail exchanger mapping provided by MX records accommodates another layer of fault tolerance and load distribution on top of the name to IP address mapping.
* Sender Policy Framework and DomainKeys, instead of creating their own record types, were designed to take advantage of another DNS record type, the TXT record.
* To provide resilience in the event of computer failure, multiple DNS servers are usually provided for coverage of each domain, and at the top level, thirteen very powerful root servers exist, with additional "copies" of several of them distributed worldwide via Anycast.

Protocol details

DNS primarily uses UDP on port 53 to serve requests. Almost all DNS queries consist of a single UDP request from the client followed by a single UDP reply from the server. TCP comes into play only when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes, or for such tasks as zone transfer. Some operating systems such as HP-UX are known to have resolver implementations that use TCP for all queries, even when UDP would suffice.

Extensions to DNS

EDNS is an extension of the DNS protocol which allows the transport over UDP of DNS replies exceeding 512 bytes, and adds support for expanding the space of request and response codes. It is described in RFC 2671.

Types of DNS records

List of DNS record types

When sent over the Internet, all records use the common format specified in RFC 1035 shown below.
RR (Resource record) fields Field Description Length (octets)
NAME Name of the node to which this record pertains. (variable)
TYPE Type of RR. For example, MX is type 15. 2
CLASS Class code. 2
TTL Signed time in seconds that RR stays valid. 4
RDLENGTH Length of RDATA field. 2
RDATA Additional RR-specific data. (variable)

The type of the record indicates what the format of the data is, and gives a hint of its intended use; for instance, the A record is used to translate from a domain name to an IPv4 address, the NS record lists which name servers can answer lookups on a DNS zone, and the MX record is used to translate from a name in the right-hand side of an e-mail address to the name of a machine able to handle mail for that address.

Many more record types exist and be found in the complete List of DNS record types.

Internationalized domain names

Internationalized domain name

While domain names technically have no restrictions on the characters they use and can include non-ASCII characters, the same is not true for host names.[8] Host names are the names most people see and use for things like e-mail and web browsing. Host names are restricted to a small subset of the ASCII character set known as LDH, the Letters A–Z in upper and lower case, Digits 0–9, Hyphen, and the dot to separate LDH-labels; see RFC 3696 section 2 for details. This prevented the representation of names and words of many languages natively. ICANN has approved the Punycode-based IDNA system, which maps Unicode strings into the valid DNS character set, as a workaround to this issue. Some registries have adopted IDNA.

Security issues

DNS was not originally designed with security in mind, and thus has a number of security issues.

One class of vulnerabilities is DNS cache poisoning, which tricks a DNS server into believing it has received authentic information when, in reality, it has not.

DNS responses are traditionally not cryptographically signed, leading to many attack possibilities; DNSSEC modifies DNS to add support for cryptographically signed responses. There are various extensions to support securing zone transfer information as well.

Even with encryption, a DNS server could become compromised by a virus (or for that matter a disgruntled employee) that would cause IP addresses of that server to be redirected to a malicious address with a long TTL. This could have far-reaching impact to potentially millions of Internet users if busy DNS servers cache the bad IP data. This would require manual purging of all affected DNS caches as required by the long TTL (up to 68 years).

Some domain names can spoof other, similar-looking domain names. For example, "paypal.com" and "paypa1.com" are different names, yet users may be unable to tell the difference when the user's typeface (font) does not clearly differentiate the letter l and the number 1. This problem is much more serious in systems that support internationalized domain names, since many characters that are different, from the point of view of ISO 10646, appear identical on typical computer screens. This vulnerability is often exploited in phishing.

Techniques such as Forward Confirmed reverse DNS can also be used to help validate DNS results.

Domain Registration

The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars which are accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by a sponsoring organization, the TLD Registry. The registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLDs they administer. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the whois protocol.

Registrars usually charge an annual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers. Often this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant is called an "owner", but no such legal relationship is actually associated with the transaction, only the exclusive right to use the domain name. More correctly authorized users are known as "registrants" or as "domain holders".

ICANN publishes a complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars in the world. One can obtain information about the registrant of a domain name by looking in the WHOIS database held by many domain registries.

For most of the more than 240 country code top-level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries hold the authoritative WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.). For instance, DENIC, Germany NIC, holds the authoritative WHOIS to a .DE domain name. Since about 2001, most gTLD registries (.ORG, .BIZ, .INFO) have adopted this so-called "thick" registry approach, i.e. keeping the authoritative WHOIS in the central registries instead of the registrars.

For .COM and .NET domain names, a "thin" registry is used: the domain registry (e.g. VeriSign) holds a basic WHOIS (registrar and name servers, etc.). One can find the detailed WHOIS (registrant, name servers, expiry dates, etc.) at the registrars.

Some domain name registries, also called Network Information Centres (NIC), also function as registrars, and deal directly with end users. But most of the main ones, such as for .COM, .NET, .ORG, .INFO, etc., use a registry-registrar model. There are hundreds of Domain Name Registrars that actually perform the domain name registration with the end user (see lists at ICANN or VeriSign). By using this method of distribution, the registry only has to manage the relationship with the registrar, and the registrar maintains the relationship with the end users, or 'registrants' -- in some cases through additional layers of resellers.

In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created, registrars store and use several key pieces of information connected with a domain:

* Administrative contact. A registrant usually designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name. The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain. Management functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business information, such as name of record, postal address, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name. Furthermore the administrative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions.
* Technical contact. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name).
* Billing contact. The party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain name registrar and paying applicable fees.
* Name servers. Domains usually need at least two authoritative name servers that perform name resolution for the domain. If they are not automatically provided by the registrar, the domain holder must specify domain names and IP addresses for these servers.

Abuse and Regulation

Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder system which redirected all unregistered .com and .net domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with VeriSign to air technical concerns about SiteFinder [9], numerous people, active in the IETF and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Internet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. SiteFinder, at first, assumed every Internet query was for a website, and it monetized queries for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign's search site. Unfortunately, other applications, such as many implementations of email, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of SiteFinder. While VeriSign later changed SiteFinder's behaviour with regard to email, there was still widespread protest about VeriSign's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the Internet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.

Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions .

There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States' political influence over ICANN. This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a .xxx top-level domain and sparked greater interest in alternative DNS roots that would be beyond the control of any single country.

Additionally, there are numerous accusations of domain name "front running", whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Recently, Network Solutions has been accused of this.

Truth in Domain Names Act

Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act

In the United States, the "Truth in Domain Names Act" (actually the "Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act"), in combination with the PROTECT Act, forbids the use of a misleading domain name with the intention of attracting people into viewing a visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct on the Internet.

Link Exchange

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A link exchange (also known as a banner exchange) is a confederation of websites that operates similarly to a web ring. Webmasters register their web sites with a central organization, that runs the exchange, and in turn receive from the exchange HTML code which they insert into their web pages. In contrast to a web ring, where the HTML code simply comprises simple circular ring navigation hyperlinks, in a link exchange the HTML code causes the display of banner advertisements, for the sites of other members of the exchange, on the member web sites, and webmasters have to create such banner advertisements for their own web sites.

The banners are downloaded from the exchange. A monitor on the exchange determines, from referral information supplied by web browsers, how many times a member web site has displayed the banner advertisements of other members, and credits that member with a number of displays of its banner on some other member's web site. Link exchanges usually operate on a 2:1 ratio, such that for every two times a member shows a second member's banner advertisement, that second member displays the first member's banner advertisement. This page impressions:credits ratio is the exchange rate.

One of the earliest link exchanges was LinkExchange, a company that is now owned by Microsoft.

Link exchanges have advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of those using the World Wide Web for marketing. On the one hand, they have the advantages of bringing in a highly targeted readership (for link exchanges where all members of the exchange have similar web sites), of increasing the "link popularity" of a site with Web search engines, and of being relatively stable methods of hyperlinking. On the other hand, they have the disadvantages of potentially distracting visitors away to other sites before they have fully explored the site that the original link was on.

Feig notes several aspects of link exchange companies that prospective members take into account:

* Banners that are animated images result in member web sites taking a long time to load. Some companies impose restrictions on animation lengths.
* The size, in bytes, of a banner is important, affecting both how long it takes to load and how long it takes to render the web site displaying the banner.
* Control over the subjects of advertisements is important. Some companies offer guarantees that advertisements will be restricted to certain subjects, will not include advertisements for pornography, and so forth.
* Companies that provide mechanisms to design banners for webmasters often use automated facilities, where the generated banner design is not reviewed by a human being.

Blog

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A blog (a contraction of the term "Web log") is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (artlog), photographs (photoblog), sketches (sketchblog), videos (vlog), music (MP3 blog), audio (podcasting), which are part of a wider network of social media. Micro-blogging is another type of blogging, one which consists of blogs with very short posts. As of December 2007, blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than 112 million blogs. With the advent of video blogging, the word blog has taken on an even looser meaning — that of any bit of media wherein the subject expresses his opinion or simply talks about something.

Types
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There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written.

Personal Blogs
The personal blog, an ongoing diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read by anyone but them. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following. A type of personal blog is referred to as "microblogging," which is extremely detailed blogging as it seeks to capture a moment in time. Sites, such as Twitter, allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings instantaneously with friends and family and is much faster than e-mailing or writing. This form of social media lends to an online generation already too busy to keep in touch.

Corporate Blogs
A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or public relations purposes are called corporate blogs.

Question Blogging
is a type of blog that answers questions. Questions can be submitted in the form of a submittal form, or through email or other means such as telephone or VOIP. Qlogs can be used to display shownotes from podcasts or the means of conveying information through the internet. Many question logs use syndication such as RSS as a means of conveying answers to questions.

By Media Type
A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos is called a photoblog. Blogs with shorter posts and mixed media types are called tumblelogs.

By Device
Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA could be called a moblog.One early blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online shared diary of a person's personal life combining text, video, and pictures transmitted live from a wearable computer and EyeTap device to a web site. This practice of semi-automated blogging with live video together with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such journals have been used as evidence in legal matters.

By Genre
Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs, house blogs, fashion blogs, project blogs, education blogs, niche blogs, classical music blogs, quizzing blogs and legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or dreamlogs. While not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog.

International markets

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he search engines' market shares vary from market to market, as does competition. In 2003, Danny Sullivan stated that Google represented about 75% of all searches. In markets outside the United States, Google's share is often larger, and Google remains the dominant search engine worldwide as of 2007. As of 2006, Google held about 40% of the market in the United States, but Google had an 85-90% market share in Germany. While there were hundreds of SEO firms in the US at that time, there were only about five in Germany.

In Russia the situation is reversed. Local search engine Yandex controls 50% of the paid advertising revenue, while Google has less than 9%. In China, Baidu continues to lead in market share, although Google has been gaining share as of 2007.

Successful search optimization for international markets may require professional translation of web pages, registration of a domain name with a top level domain in the target market, and web hosting that provides a local IP address. Otherwise, the fundamental elements of search optimization are essentially the same, regardless of language.

As a marketing strategy

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Eye tracking studies have shown that searchers scan a search results page from top to bottom and left to right (for left to right languages), looking for a relevant result. Placement at or near the top of the rankings therefore increases the number of searchers who will visit a site. However, more search engine referrals does not guarantee more sales. SEO is not necessarily an appropriate strategy for every website, and other Internet marketing strategies can be much more effective, depending on the site operator's goals. A successful Internet marketing campaign may drive organic traffic to web pages, but it also may involve the use of paid advertising on search engines and other pages, building high quality web pages to engage and persuade, addressing technical issues that may keep search engines from crawling and indexing those sites, setting up analytics programs to enable site owners to measure their successes, and improving a site's conversion rate.

SEO may generate a return on investment. However, search engines are not paid for organic search traffic, their algorithms change, and there are no guarantees of continued referrals. Due to this lack of guarantees and certainty, a business that relies heavily on search engine traffic can suffer major losses if the search engines stop sending visitors. It is considered wise business practice for website operators to liberate themselves from dependence on search engine traffic. A top-ranked SEO blog Seomoz.org has reported, "Search marketers, in a twist of irony, receive a very small share of their traffic from search engines." Instead, their main sources of traffic are links from other websites.

White Hat versus Black Hat

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SEO techniques can be classified into two broad categories: techniques that search engines recommend as part of good design, and those techniques that search engines do not approve of. The search engines attempt to minimize the effect of the latter, among them spamdexing. Industry commentators have classified these methods, and the practitioners who employ them, as either white hat SEO, or black hat SEO. White hats tend to produce results that last a long time, whereas black hats anticipate that their sites may eventually be banned either temporarily or permanently once the search engines discover what they are doing

An SEO technique is considered white hat if it conforms to the search engines' guidelines and involves no deception. As the search engine guidelines are not written as a series of rules or commandments, this is an important distinction to note. White hat SEO is not just about following guidelines, but is about ensuring that the content a search engine indexes and subsequently ranks is the same content a user will see. White hat advice is generally summed up as creating content for users, not for search engines, and then making that content easily accessible to the spiders, rather than attempting to trick the algorithm from its intended purpose. White hat SEO is in many ways similar to web development that promotes accessibility,
Black hat SEO attempts to improve rankings in ways that are disapproved of by the search engines, or involve deception. One black hat technique uses text that is hidden, either as text colored similar to the background, in an invisible div, or positioned off screen. Another method gives a different page depending on whether the page is being requested by a human visitor or a search engine, a technique known as cloaking.

Search engines may penalize sites they discover using black hat methods, either by reducing their rankings or eliminating their listings from their databases altogether. Such penalties can be applied either automatically by the search engines' algorithms, or by a manual site review. One infamous example was the February 2006 Google removal of both BMW Germany and Ricoh Germany for use of deceptive practices. Both companies, however, quickly apologized, fixed the offending pages, and were restored to Google's list.

Webmasters and Search Engines

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By 1997 search engines recognized that webmasters were making efforts to rank well in their search engines, and that some webmasters were even manipulating their rankings in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.

Due to the high marketing value of targeted search results, there is potential for an adversarial relationship between search engines and SEOs. In 2005, an annual conference, AIRWeb, Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web, was created to discuss and minimize the damaging effects of aggressive web content providers.

SEO companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results. In 2005, the Wall Street Journal reported on a company, Traffic Power, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients. Wired magazine reported that the same company sued blogger Aaron Wall for writing about the ban. Google's Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients.

Some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. In fact, with the advent of paid inclusion, some search engines now have a vested interest in the health of the optimization community. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization. Google has a Sitemaps program to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website. Google guidelines are a list of suggested practices Google has provided as guidance to webmasters. Yahoo! Site Explorer provides a way for webmasters to submit URLs, determine how many pages are in the Yahoo! index and view link information.

Getting indexed

The leading search engines, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft, use crawlers to find pages for their algorithmic search results. Pages that are linked from other search engine indexed pages do not need to be submitted because they are found automatically. Some search engines, notably Yahoo!, operate a paid submission service that guarantee crawling for either a set fee or cost per click. Such programs usually guarantee inclusion in the database, but do not guarantee specific ranking within the search results. Yahoo's paid inclusion program has drawn criticism from advertisers and competitors. Two major directories, the Yahoo Directory and the Open Directory Project both require manual submission and human editorial review. Google offers Google Webmaster Tools, for which an XML Sitemap feed can be created and submitted for free to ensure that all pages are found, especially pages that aren't discoverable by automatically following links.

Search engine crawlers may look at a number of different factors when crawling a site. Not every page is indexed by the search engines. Distance of pages from the root directory of a site may also be a factor in whether or not pages get crawled.

Preventing indexing

Robots Exclusion Standard

To avoid undesirable content in the search indexes, webmasters can instruct spiders not to crawl certain files or directories through the standard robots.txt file in the root directory of the domain. Additionally, a page can be explicitly excluded from a search engine's database by using a meta tag specific to robots. When a search engine visits a site, the robots.txt located in the root directory is the first file crawled. The robots.txt file is then parsed, and will instruct the robot as to which pages are not to be crawled. As a search engine crawler may keep a cached copy of this file, it may on occasion crawl pages a webmaster does not wish crawled. Pages typically prevented from being crawled include login specific pages such as shopping carts and user-specific content such as search results from internal searches. In March 2007, Google warned webmasters that they should prevent indexing of internal search results because those pages are considered search spam.

Search Engine Optimization

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Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the volume and quality of traffic to a web site from search engines via "natural" ("organic" or "algorithmic") search results. Usually, the earlier a site is presented in the search results, or the higher it "ranks," the more searchers will visit that site. SEO can also target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, and industry-specific vertical search engines.

As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work and what people search for. Optimizing a website primarily involves editing its content and HTML coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Sometimes a site's structure (the relationships between its content) must be altered too. Because of this it is, from a client's perspective, always better to incorporate Search Engine Optimization when a website is being developed than to try and retroactively apply it.

The acronym "SEO" can also refer to "search engine optimizers," a term adopted by an industry of consultants who carry out optimization projects on behalf of clients, and by employees who perform SEO services in-house. Search engine optimizers may offer SEO as a stand-alone service or as a part of a broader marketing campaign. Because effective SEO may require changes to the HTML source code of a site, SEO tactics may be incorporated into web site development and design. The term "search engine friendly" may be used to describe web site designs, menus, content management systems and shopping carts that are easy to optimize.

Another class of techniques, known as black hat SEO or Spamdexing, use methods such as link farms and keyword stuffing that degrade both the relevance of search results and the user-experience of search engines. Search engines look for sites that employ these techniques in order to remove them from their indices.

History

Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all a webmaster needed to do was submit a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a spider to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed.The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server, where a second program, known as an indexer, extracts various information about the page, such as the words it contains and where these are located, as well as any weight for specific words, as well as any and all links the page contains, which are then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.

Site owners started to recognize the value of having their sites highly ranked and visible in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both white hat and black hat SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the earliest known use of the phrase search engine optimization was a spam message posted on Usenet on July 26, 1997.

Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag, or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provided a guide to each page's content. But using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable because the webmaster's account of keywords in the meta tag were not truly relevant to the site's actual keywords. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags caused pages to rank for irrelevant searches. Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.

By relying so much on factors exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search allowing those results to be false would turn users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate.

While graduate students at Stanford University, Larry Page and Sergey Brin developed "backrub", a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function of the quantity and strength of inbound links.PageRank estimates the likelihood that a given page will be reached by a web user who randomly surfs the web, and follows links from one page to another. In effect, this means that some links are stronger than others, as a higher PageRank page is more likely to be reached by the random surfer.

Page and Brin founded Google in 1998. Google attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. Off-page factors (such as PageRank and hyperlink analysis) were considered as well as on-page factors (such as keyword frequency, meta tags, headings, links and site structure) to enable Google to avoid the kind of manipulation seen in search engines that only considered on-page factors for their rankings. Although PageRank was more difficult to game, webmasters had already developed link building tools and schemes to influence the Inktomi search engine, and these methods proved similarly applicable to gaining PageRank. Many sites focused on exchanging, buying, and selling links, often on a massive scale. Some of these schemes, or link farms, involved the creation of thousands of sites for the sole purpose of link spamming. In recent years major search engines have begun to rely more heavily on off-web factors such as the age, sex, location, and search history of people conducting searches in order to further refine results.

By 2007, search engines had incorporated a wide range of undisclosed factors in their ranking algorithms to reduce the impact of link manipulation. Google says it ranks sites using more than 200 different signals.The three leading search engines, Google, Yahoo and Microsoft's Live Search, do not disclose the algorithms they use to rank pages. Notable SEOs, such as Rand Fishkin, Barry Schwartz, Aaron Wall and Jill Whalen, have studied different approaches to search engine optimization, and have published their opinions in online forums and blogs. SEO practitioners may also study patents held by various search engines to gain insight into the algorithms.

PayPal

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PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. PayPal serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods such as cheques and money orders.

PayPal is a type of person-to-person (P2P) payment service. A P2P payment service allows anyone with an e-mail address to transfer funds electronically to someone else with an e-mail address. The initiator of an electronic funds transfer via PayPal must first register with and fund their PayPal account. A PayPal account can be funded with a check or money order, an electronic debit from a bank account or by a credit card. The recipient of a PayPal transfer can either request a check from PayPal, establish their own PayPal deposit account or request a transfer to their bank account. PayPal is an example of a payment intermediary service that facilitates worldwide e-commerce.

PayPal performs payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial users, for which it charges a fee. It sometimes also charges a transaction fee for receiving money (a percentage of the amount sent plus an additional fixed amount). The fees charged depend on the currency used, the payment option used, the country of the sender, the country of the recipient, the amount sent and the recipient's account type. On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay. Its corporate headquarters are in San Jose, California, United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. The company also has significant operations in Omaha, Nebraska; Scottsdale, Arizona; and Austin, Texas in the U.S.; India; Dublin, Ireland; and Berlin, Germany, and now also in Tel-Aviv, Israel after PayPal acquired an Israeli startup called FraudSciences for $169 million. As of July 2007, across Europe, PayPal also operates as a Luxembourg-based bank.

History

Beginnings

The current incarnation of PayPal is the result of a March 2000 merger between Confinity and X.com.initially as a Palm Pilot payments and cryptography company. X.com was founded by Elon Musk in March 1999, initially as an Internet financial services company. Both Confinity and X.com launched their websites in late 1999. Both companies were located on University Avenue in Palo Alto. Confinity's website was initially focused on reconciling beamed payments from Palm Pilots with email payments as a feature and X.com's website initially included financial services with email payments as a feature.

At Confinity, many of the initial recruits were alumni of The Stanford Review, also founded by Peter Thiel, and most early engineers hailed from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, recruited by Max Levchin. On the X.com side, Elon Musk recruited a wide range of technical and business personnel, including many that were critical to the combined company's success, such as Amy Klement, Sal Giambanco, Roelof Botha of Sequoia Capital, Sanjay Bhargava and Jeremy Stoppelman.

To block potentially fraudulent access by automated systems, PayPal devised a system (see CAPTCHA) of making the user enter numbers from a blurry picture, which they coined the Gausebeck-Levchin test. According to Eric M. Jackson, author of the book The PayPal Wars, PayPal invented this system now in common use; however, there is evidence AltaVista used a CAPTCHA as early as 1997, before PayPal existed.[citation needed] The neutrality of The PayPal Wars, which was self-published by Eric Jackson through his company World Ahead Publishing, funded in part by Peter Thiel, is disputed. In either case, the PayPal CAPTCHA has been proven insecure.

eBay watched the rise in volume of its online payments and realized the fit of an online payment system with online auctions. eBay purchased Billpoint in May 1999, prior to the existence of PayPal. eBay made Billpoint its official payment system, dubbing it "eBay Payments," but cut the functionality of Billpoint by narrowing it to only payments made for eBay auctions.

For this reason, PayPal was listed in several times as many auctions as Billpoint. In February 2000, the PayPal service had an average of approximately 200,000 daily auctions while Billpoint (in beta) had only 4,000 auctions. By April 2000, more than 1,000,000 auctions promoted the PayPal service. PayPal was able to turn the corner and become the first dot-com to IPO after the September 11 attacks.

Acquisition by eBay

In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion.[10] PayPal had previously been the payment method of choice by more than fifty percent of eBay users, and the service competed with eBay’s subsidiary Billpoint, Citibank’s c2it, whose service was closed in late 2003, and Yahoo!'s PayDirect, whose service was closed in late 2004. Western Union announced the December 2005 shut down of their BidPay service but subsequently sold it in 2006 to CyberSource Corporation. BidPay announced it would cease all operations on 31 December 2007, and it did. Some competitors which offer some of PayPal’s services, such as Wirecard, Moneybookers, 2Checkout, CCNow and Kagi, remain in business, despite the fact that eBay now requires everyone on its Australian and United Kingdom sites to offer PayPal.

PayPal’s total payment volume, the total value of transactions, was US$11 billion in the fourth quarter of 2006, an increase of 36% over the previous year. The company continues to focus on international growth and growth of its Merchant Services division, providing online payments for retailers off eBay.

Business today

Currently, PayPal operates in 190 markets, and it manages over 164 million accounts. PayPal allows customers to send, receive, and hold funds in 18 currencies worldwide. These currencies are the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi yuan (only available for some Chinese accounts, see below), Euro, Pound sterling, Japanese yen, Czech Koruna, Danish krone, Hong Kong dollar, Hungarian forint, Israeli new sheqel, Mexican pesos, New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, Polish zloty, Singapore dollar, Swedish krona, Swiss franc and U.S. dollar. PayPal operates locally in 13 countries.

Residents in 190 markets can use PayPal in their local markets to send money online. These new markets include Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Croatia, Fiji, Vietnam and Jordan. A complete list can be viewed at PayPal's website.

In China PayPal offers two kinds of accounts:

* PayPal.com accounts, for sending and receiving money to/from other PayPal.com accounts. All non-Chinese accounts are PayPal.com accounts, so these accounts may be used to send money internationally.
* PayPal.cn accounts, for sending and receiving money to and from other PayPal.cn accounts.

It is impossible to send money between PayPal.cn accounts and PayPal.com accounts, so PayPal.cn accounts are effectively unable to make international payments. For PayPal.cn, the only supported currency is the renminbi.

Although PayPal's corporate headquarters are located in San Jose, PayPal’s operations center is located near Omaha, Nebraska, where the company employs more than 2,000 people as of 2007. PayPal’s international headquarters is located in Dublin, Ireland. The company also recently opened a technology center in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Online

The domain paypal.com attracted at least 260 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.

Bank status

In the United States, PayPal is licensed as a money transmitter on a state-by-state basis. PayPal is not classified as a bank in the United States, though the company is subject to some of the rules and regulations governing the financial industry including Regulation E consumer protections and the USA PATRIOT Act.[16] On May 15, 2007, PayPal announced that it would move its European operations from the UK to Luxembourg, commencing July 2, 2007 as PayPal (Europe) S.à r.l. & Cie, S.C.A. This would be as a Luxembourg entity regulated as a bank by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF), the Luxembourg equivalent of the FSA. PayPal Luxembourg will then provide the PayPal service throughout the European Union (EU).

Internet marketing

2008-10-27T22:44:00.000-07:00

Internet marketing, also referred to as web marketing, online marketing, or eMarketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet.

The Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing, one of which being lower costs for the distribution of information and media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of providing instant response and eliciting responses, is a unique quality of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to have a broader scope because it refers to digital media such as the Internet, e-mail, and wireless media; however, Internet marketing also includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems.

Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing does not simply entail building or promoting a website, nor does it mean placing a banner ad on another website. Effective Internet marketing requires a comprehensive strategy that synergizes a given company's business model and sales goals with its website function and appearance, focusing on its target market through proper choice of advertising type, media, and design.

Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. In 2008 The New York Times working with comScore published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting upward of 2,500 pieces of data on average per user per month.

Business models

Internet marketing is associated with several business models:

* e-commerce — goods are sold directly to consumers or businesses,
* publishing — the sale of advertising,
* lead-based websites — an organization generates value by acquiring sales leads from its website, and
* affiliate marketing — a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer brought about by the affiliate's marketing efforts.

There are many other business models based on the specific needs of each person or business that launches an Internet marketing campaign.

Differences from traditional marketing

One-to-one approach

The targeted user is typically browsing the Internet alone, so the marketing messages can reach them personally. This approach is used in search marketing, where the advertisements are based on search engine keywords entered by the user.

Appeal to specific interests

Internet marketing and geo marketing places an emphasis on marketing that appeals to a specific behavior or interest, rather than reaching out to a broadly-defined demographic. "On- and Off-line" marketers typically segment their markets according to age group, gender, geography, and other general factors. Marketers have the luxury of targeting by activity and geolocation. For example, a kayak company can post advertisements on kayaking and canoing websites with the full knowledge that the audience has a related interest.

Internet marketing differs from magazine advertisements, where the goal is to appeal to the projected demographic of the periodical. Because the advertiser has knowledge of the target audience—people who engage in certain activities (e.g., uploading pictures, contributing to blogs)— the company does not rely on the expectation that a certain group of people will be interested in its new product or service.

Geo targeting

Geo targeting (in internet marketing) and geo marketing are the methods of determining the geolocation (the physical location) of a website visitor with geolocation software, and delivering different content to that visitor based on his or her location, such as country, region/state, city, metro code/zip code, organization, Internet Protocol (IP) address, ISP or other criteria.

Different content by choice

A typical example for different content by choice in geo targeting is the FedEx website at FedEx.com where users have the choice to select their country location first and are then presented with different site or article content depending on their selection.

Automated different content

With automated different content in internet marketing and geomarketing the delivery of different content based on the geographical geolocation and other personal information is automated.

World of Google Adsense

2008-10-25T07:24:00.000-07:00

AdSense is an advertisement serving program run by Google. Website owners can enroll in this program to enable text, image, and more recently, video advertisements on their websites. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google is also currently beta-testing a cost-per-action based service.

Overview

Google uses its Internet search technology to serve advertisements based on website content, the user's geographical location, and other factors. Those wanting to advertise with Google's targeted advertisement system may enroll through AdWords. AdSense has become a popular method of placing advertising on a website because the advertisements are less intrusive than most banners, and the content of the advertisements is often relevant to the website.

Currently, AdSense uses JavaScript code to incorporate the advertisements into a participating website. If the advertisements are included on a website that has not yet been crawled by the Mediabot, AdSense will temporarily display advertisements for charitable causes, also known as public service announcements (PSAs). (The Mediabot is different from the Googlebot, which maintains Google's search index.)

Many websites use AdSense to monetize their content. AdSense has been particularly important for delivering advertising revenue to small websites that do not have the resources for developing advertising sales programs and salespeople. To fill a website with advertisements that are relevant to the topics discussed, webmasters implement a brief script on the websites' pages. Websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website.

Some webmasters invest significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income. They do this in three ways:[citation needed]

1. They use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising.
2. They build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements, which pay out the most when they are clicked.
3. They use copy on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like "Click on my AdSense ads" to increase click rates. The phrases accepted are "Sponsored Links" and "Advertisements".

The source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a complex pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid (i.e., a bid not observable by competitors). Additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid.
History

The underlying technology behind AdSense was derived originally from WordNet, Simpli (a company started by the founder of Wordnet, George A. Miller), and a number of professors and graduate students from Brown University, including James A. Anderson, Jeff Stibel, and Steve Reiss.[1] A variation of this technology utilizing WordNet was developed by Oingo, a small search engine company based in Santa Monica founded in 1998 by Gilad Elbaz and Adam Weissman. Oingo changed its name to Applied Semantics in 2001, which was later acquired by Google in April 2003 for US$102 million.

AdSense for Feeds

In May 2005, Google announced a limited-participation beta version of AdSense for Feeds, a version of AdSense that runs on RSS and Atom feeds that have more than 100 active subscribers. According to the Official Google Blog, "advertisers have their ads placed in the most appropriate feed articles; publishers are paid for their original content; readers see relevant advertising—and in the long run, more quality feeds to choose from."

AdSense for Feeds works by inserting images into a feed. When the image is displayed by a RSS reader or Web browser, Google writes the advertising content into the image that it returns. The advertisement content is chosen based on the content of the feed surrounding the image. When the user clicks the image, he or she is redirected to the advertiser's website in the same way as regular AdSense advertisements.

AdSense for Feeds has remained in its beta state until August 15, 2008, when it became available to all AdSense users.

AdSense for search

A companion to the regular AdSense program, AdSense for search, allows website owners to place Google search boxes on their websites. When a user searches the Internet or the website with the search box, Google shares any advertising revenue it makes from those searches with the website owner. However the publisher is paid only if the advertisements on the page are clicked: AdSense does not pay publishers for mere searches.

AdSense for mobile content

AdSense for mobile content allows publishers to generate earnings from their mobile websites using targeted Google advertisements. Just like AdSense for content, Google matches advertisements to the content of a website — in this case, a mobile website.

Share and Get Money

2008-10-08T21:54:00.000-07:00

Of course you enquires site friendship of which to the advantage of the owner of adsense ? we will advise to this site your site friendship that is most precise to share, you can share video, photo, and your blog.

Not all residing in here is owner Adsense but for you are owner Adsense here is place of promotion site or Blog... best you gets friend and good for you.

that you are not vexed again soon joined here www.flixya.com

SEO VS LINK EXCHANGE !

2008-10-01T06:29:00.000-07:00

which more effective enters as many as possible your URL to all the search engine or propagates you URL into various guest books to owner of web or blog ?

of course you knows that more and more link widespread you has bigger opportunity of web or your blog are visited by people, why that way ?

of course search engine which commonly use in world is Google and Yahoo ...

search engine like google and yahoo has different data base in making an index to seeking of address web or blog.

so, how according to you are SEO or Link Exchange ?

2 point money maker

2008-09-28T19:48:00.000-07:00

Before explaining farther all we will explain hereunder that any which you would do hereunder become successfulness size of blog you, safe tries.

1. you must often visits blog or web property of others which is possible there are a few the relationships with your blog theme, and leaving some comment in comment box which below posting.

2. makes question and answers question in forums or miling list hardly assists giving explanation your blog to be liked or no, don't forget leaving URL your blog.

So its the core propagates link you URL everywhere...

Batle Field of Online Business

2008-09-24T21:23:00.000-07:00

Every day... hour increasingly felt hot atmosphere in emulation of internet business, even in

Every state has started imitates popularity google adsense, we can see in indonesia like adsense camp, its apparition exploiting situation when Adsense America is more selectively in adding regulation of its policies.

Concept like that possible has just one which we know, we still must see emulation between search engine like google, yahoo, etcetera. knew you number of actually from search engines if every day we see the growth is hardly quickly.

But for you... course would serious to elaborate internet business, hence we suggest you must take a care in choosing advertising program which you would follow.

If we suggested for program advertising you don't worry again chooses google adsense which till now still very popular and for you which wish to follow program affilate business to try joining forces with amazon associate.

Answers Questions - Adsense Secret

2008-09-17T23:38:00.000-07:00

Q : How much I must release to start Adsense ?

A : you can start adsense freely.

Q : What I must draw up to enlist to Adsense ?

A : Only 3 important thing : Theme which you masters and sells, makes content or posting is containing article that is with quality, and you must have blog, web, or portal.

Q : What Language I must apply to enlist Adsense ?

A : Language that is supported by Adsense, for you better apply English.

Q : Do I must buy for a domain or blog ?

A : To enlist Adsense you can apply blog or free web, many situs and blog offering free domain.

Q : why my Adsense am refused ?

A : your theme doesn't sell, a few posting, and when enlisting too much advertisement in your blog.

Q : what if it is refused ?

A : You can enlist again with new blog.

Q : If have been received, shall enlist Adsense again for blog, website, or other portal ?

A : not necessarily, because code script Adsense you may directly locate in blog, website, or your other portal.

Q : new blog of I have theme differing from blog which have been received Adsense will this become problem ?

A : not, because Adsense will give advertisement correlating as according to theme blog new you.

Q : Why my CPC small ?

A : CPC influenced by bid attached by advertiser in Adwords. it is possible that they change level of expenditure for Adwords in certain time.

Q : Can I do advertisement click myself from computer or other place ?

A : cannot avoid does the matter google adsense to have analystic network link a real logic admission, if you did that is you would in banned.

Q : Why in my advertisement emerge advertisement of public service or PSA ?

A : it is possible that you have in banned or content doesn't have keyword and content having value to sell.

Q : What I know if I have been in banned ?

A : You will receive email from google that way you cannot logins again.

Q : When I can receive PIN ?

A : Your balance must reach 10 dollars.

Q : When I can take money ?

A : if your balance had reached 100 dollars.

for you having interesting experience and question about your Adsense can give komenter you through comment our box ....

Top Advertising Programs

2008-09-12T01:09:00.000-07:00

Between the many programs advertising which there have offering installation of advertisement in yard blog, web, or portal owner of publishers in the form of payment of pay per click or shortened PPC Google Adsense still the existing finite best.

You have ever tries other PPC service and you still enquire how with its the payment ? then your question are the next how with result of its the details ? and possible still many questions which you still doubt of for the purpose not ?

So we inform again to you that if you wish to follow service program pay per click to deliver trustworthy and accurate production don't worry again joins always together Google Adsense !

Before you enquires google has provided the answer, before you enquires possible of google has offered a solution before you faces it...

What according to you are is it correct that which we tell ?

Promote Your Blog

2008-09-03T19:46:00.000-07:00

Offline promotion

You can make address situs or your blog with making sticker which sapat you pastes up in motor, car. Or in front of your house, or you can contact friend, sister, you far brothers and sisters passed sms or telephone so that opens situs and blog you. " Ok, Khan !"

Online promotion

This continued article become follows always this news !

So, for you - you is wishing promosiin blog or our situs we give free info in around promotion.

Some promotion guidances to earn searching you in search engine google with keyword :

' Promote your Blog '

' Promote your URL '

enters advertisement bari as much as possible with keyword :

' classified advertising '

joins with community :

' Community Blogger '

' Community Web '

new blog create owned you and conversion link your first blog URL with second

other tips :

coffee and enters URL address every posting your article when promotions

Firstly, merge with community like :

www.bergaul.com

www.friensdter.com

http://kumpulbloggercom

and others which you knows, there you communications can to them to visit web or blog you, as much as possible.

Second enters URL address blog or your situs to smua ' search engine ' or ' search engine ' in manual :

http://submitjaydecom

www.directory-search.org

www.google.com/addurl.html

www.indocenter.co.id

www.searchindonesia.com

Third, Internet Directory :

Places you URL as many as possible in internet directory :

http://mamma.whatuseek.com/

http://dmozorg

http://ask.ineedhits.com/

http://submit.looksmart.com

http://www.submitexpress.com

Fourth, Award Sites :

http://cool.infi.net

http://www.webbyawards.com/

http://www.web100.com/

Fifth, for overseas classified advertisement of you can enter keyword to search engine ' free classified ads'.. search engine google one of its(the example. So after you enters word ' free classified ads's then you clicked traced hence will go out classified advertisement having link from outside country. So, now you registers you URL as much as possible. Remembers online promotion in better manual compared to to uses search engine which can inclined to all search engine, because you will be assumed spamming.

Sixth, For your Indonesia can visit classified advertisement address hereunder :

http://www.iklaneka.com/

http://www.jogjapromo.com

http://iklaninternetcom/

http://www.iklan-25.co.id/

http://www.iklanbandung.com

http://www.bisnisjakarta.com

http://iklanminicom

http://iklanmini.co.id

http://iklanponticom

http://endonesiacom

http://iklanmedancom

http://catcha.co.id/

Seventh, joins with community forum hereunder :

http://www.cbn.net.id

http://www.indosiar.com

http://www.forumbisnis.qn.com

http://www.i2.co.id

http://www.plasa.com

http://yahoo.co.id

PAYEE ONLINE PROMOTION

Following is payee service ( Pay Per Click) PPC is earning you to follow, you has fund capital and you ready to pay [for] according to transaction of you and service hereunder,

Some PPC which is popular :

http://ww.overture.com

http://adwords.google.com

http://www.kanoodle.com

http://www.7search.com

This is first part of simple because tips about promotion of your blog would continuously in up date !

Adsense Code

2008-09-02T21:16:00.000-07:00

If you activation account aanda have, you earns logins direct in www.google.com/adsense by entering e-mail and password selected at the time of enlisting. after logins, you will see appearance containing tab…

Reports : contains commission report obtained by publishers

Configuraton Adsense is containing :

Adsense for content : contains code adsense for advertisement in halam blog or your web

Adsense for search : contains code adsense for search engine

Referrals : contains referral report

My Account : contains data member

Resources : resource program from google for you

Adsense for content

it is advertisement which will be presented in web page or blog.

form of eligible advertisement is consisted :

image

Text

Link Units

Video

and others more wholy sees in http://www.google.com/adsense/adformats

suggestion we select;choose type format text because according to some survey from person usmber which believable of advertisement is in the form of a more regular text invites click compared to advertisement of picture or banner.

after choosing advertisement is in the form of text hereinafter you can choose advertisement format that is on the market by visible adsense in address http://www.adsense-tool.com

then format text any kind of is earning you to present :

( Sorted based on survey terttinggi inviting click)

a. Large Rectangle ( 336 x 280)

places this advertisement at part of primary content, can be possibly places on the top

or middle of primary content.

b. Medium Rectangle ( 300 x 250)

this format side can be applied middle or is above like large rectangle, also able to

applied if you web page wish to place adsense in left or right bagain.

c. Wide Skyscraper ( 160 x 600)

this acurate format is placed in web page atao blog having starboard column,

this thing is not leas from habit of people holds mouse to apply right hand.

d. Leaderboard ( 728 x 90)

This format can be optimal in top level navigation or topmost part of yard.

weakness of this format was if it is placed in situs or blog business will bother

itself business.

Adsense for Search

Adsense for search is program to present search engine Google in web page or blog property of publishers. part of this contains code script adsense for seaarch or search engine Google which will be presented in web page or blog.

to get this script follows just of the guide.

Starts Adsense

2008-09-02T20:28:00.000-07:00

Register Adsense

After making situs which is rich with content or blog with a few times posting, soon joints forces with Adsense, remembers always that Google Loves Content, ascertains nor there are broken link with content which is not impinges rule Adsense. lessened number of advertisement if many advertisement on page web or your blog.

Before enlisting adsense but inquiring you of advertisement any kind of which you would receive according to theme web atao your blog sees is just in http://www.digitalpoint.com/tools/adsense-box/

Well, now let us tries to enlist adsense. its way, you ready to follow stages;steps following :

1. Visits URL address http://thegooglecash.50webs.com then click banner with article

' Get targeted ads on your site with google adsense '

2 Second way of you can visit gallery google then click ' advertising program'.

3. Then from the two click sign up ( you are its(the sbelum must have account google or

e-mail google)

4. Then follows the scent admission filling of registration form accurately and correctness.

5. Bes awaiting its… the news is via your e-mail 1 - 5 day

6. If you feels too old bes awaiting news from google you can see how

news the application of you tries returns to returning to gallery google then click ' program

advertising ' but now you menglik sign up do not but now you clicks indium logarithm

7. After Log indium if you sees article ' at the moment there's only adsense for seeking

in your language', that means you has got an account adsense that is

Adsense for search and the application of you will be seen kembali1-5 day when you submits

Apliaksi, and an account still in re- study phase and seeking as according to

your blog theme that is an accounts adsense for content

After 5 day checked again you e-mail and if you gets e-mail from google with subject ' Welcome to Google Adsense !' indicates that you has owned Adsense. Safe !, you has owned one easiest medias and cheap for meraup dollar through the internet.

The next step of you activates aktivisation of account of address url which as described in the e-mail.
failure enlists adsense usually is caused by some things following :

1. Name of domain or blog doesn't have ' value sells '

2. Content unmatched to order adsense refers back

3. Content doesn't have theme or keyword selling

4. Too a few content/halaman/posting

5. Yard blog/web has many advertisement

6. Yard blog/web only contain many link

Advertising VS Affilate Programs

2008-08-31T16:49:00.000-07:00

Affiliate Program

Transaction between you are owner of web page or blog with program affiliasi hereunder you can do transaction which you to wish but is suggested situs or blog you had content is having language inggris for which Indonesian may be just if had owned traffic following programs list affiliasi which you able to follow inter alia :

http://Amazoncom

http://linksharecom

http://cjcom

http://sitesellcom

www.clicksor.com

Searching and program research affiliasi which you would follow as according to theme situs or your blog, they provide pay per sale, pay per lead, cost per visit ( CPV), cost per click ( CPC), pay per click ( PPC), and cost per tahousand impressions ( CPM).

Advertising Program ( Advertising)

The same thing abovely but you unable to interest with affiliasi hence you can try advertising program ( advertising) hereunder :

www.adbrite.com

www.kanoodle.com

www.searchfeed.com

www.crispads.com

www.vibrantmedia.com

www.peaclick.com

www.doubleclick.com

www.tribalfusion.com

www.industrybrains.com

www.adhearus.org

www.avnads.com

www.phedo.com

www.adknowledge.com

www.yesadvertising.com

www.revenuepilot.com

www.onemonkey.com

www.sharesale.com

and this is program very favorite for netter in fatherland www.google.com with its(the advertising program is Google Adsense applying value PPC ( Pay Per Click).

The providing above programs advertisement in the form of text and also banner from their each client.

Adsense Step by Step

2008-08-31T02:21:00.000-07:00

Determines Theme

Theme was something very important if you wish to apply adsense as media pencaria money. why that way ? because adsense will peep out advertisement according to denga conten or theme of the web page. so, if your web contained about bursary ( scholarship), hence advertisement adsense emerging in web or blog will relate to sholarship.

Its the core that you can get dollar which many, you must be bright looks for theme or keyword which many in clicking internet visitor.

to know how many possibility that key the word for in click or average of pay per click ( PPC) from keyword or theme selected. we can apply software which able to in download in addresss following :

http://www.softnik.com

http://www.wordtracker.com

Chooses Domain and Hosting

after you are sipa with theme, buys domain for the theme. select;chooses name of domain as according to theme or keyword which you has determined. to check is name of domain which you wishs that there are still available, applies address www.whois.net.

for simply notification that domain and this hosting is for making of situs or your web.

domain is you product and hosting is place of you in illusory world.

to be more your sharpness are just directs visits address www.50webs.com here you can make free situs or you wish to buy it,

so for you which unsatisfying satisfied with guidance above you can make free blog in principle same you are mentukan title at your blog and determines address blog you, to make free blog of you can visit www.blogger.com, www.wordpress.com, www.multiply.com, etcetera you can look for through search engine google by typing word ' free create blog'.

Makes Content

after determining theme and has situs with domain and hosting which you wishs or blog which you has determined now you must make content or contents of from article situs or your blog, and all articles which you writes must having language inggris, and remembers you must write some quite a lot articles, remembers google ' loves content'.

but for you which is not wish to write you article can take away from addresss situs article feeder is earning you copy and pste into situs or your blog freely but it is of course you must mention writer and copyright to avoid problems in the future.

just direct of you visits article feeder hereunder and you directly can choose content according to theme which you select;chooses :

www.valuablecontent.com

www.articlecity.cm

www.enzinearticles.com

http://knol.google.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.goarticles.com

www.freshcontent.net

www.dotcomwomen.com

www.gutenberg.com

www.fripp.com/articleslist.htm

Adsense Make Money Your Blog

2008-08-27T23:38:00.000-07:00

For you interesting follows advertising program ( affiliate) Google Adsense we will assist you to guide the stages steps is step by step visits our blog every day in http://heatzorro.blogspot.com.

Today we will inform in a flash you about google Adsense. Google build by two people student PhD from Stanford, Larey page and Sergey Brin in the year 1998. term Google actually is taken away from word ' googol'. What used Milton Sirotta, nephew of men Edward Kasner American mathenatic expert, to mention number 1 having 100 numbers zero rear its. Now, said identical Google with situs feeder much information in internet.

Google is a kind of search engine ( search engine) data or information in internet.

Advertisement program Google

Google AdWords

In the middle of the hoisterous of emulation between search engine, Google makes an advertising program recognized by the name of Google AdWords for company or man who ( advertiser) what wish to install advertisement through google. This program may be spelled out members to become one answers how designing an effective advertisement at the same time efficient.

Google Adsense

Besides shown in seeking yard of your advertisement also can be shown in web page or blog property of others. This program named Google Adsense. With Adsense owner of yard or which will leave over a few rooms in yard blog or web will get reward from advertiser ( with medium from Google) for the service in placing the advertisements.

So, Adsense will advertise AdWords so after its conclusion easy to.

To be more its easy to getting picture about Google Adsense you can visit http://www.tradeworld.com. On page this situs emerges link marked with description of ads by Google and search engine Google.

If some'x clicks advertisement Adsense in the form of text or search engine column applied to look for information entering in categorizing ads by Google, hence owner of situs or web will get money from every click done by visitor. Modestly once, not ?

Advertisement in the form of this text doesn't emerge off hand, the advertisement can come up after situs is registered by advertising program Google Adsense.

Advertising Program of this Google Adsense later you will follow. And the good news is you can start Adsense freely !

Google Adsense is program affiliasi PPC ( Pay Per Click) and you will be paid with currency ( DOLLAR) !

Order Adsense

Before you joins together you that need to be known is theme situs or your blog must be interesting and has value to sell, both contents of article or your content barium must that is supported oelh Adsense as follows :

Linguistic any kind of supported by AdSense?

Google AdSense supports owner of web or blog in a few different language. Registration to participate in this program can be addressed for situs by halves amount conten in language:

Arab Hungarian

Bulgaria Italian
Japan China ( traditional)
Korea Kroasia
Norwegian Ceko
Polandia Denmark
Portugis Dutch
Rumania English
Russia Finlandia
Serbia French
Slovakia Germany
Spanyol Greek
Swedia China ( modern)
Hebrew Turki

sees its the continuation about Adsense for search !

AdSense for search
also is available in Indonesian, Thai, and Vietnam. The language is not supported for yard AdSense for konten.

You can choose primary language situs when registration process takes place. If your registration are agreed, AdSense will be agreed, AdSense will display relevant advertisement with your yard in language appropriate, though your situs supports some languages.

It is important to know also that policy of program AdSense doesn't permit location of code AdSense on page by halves amount konten in language that is is not is supported.
Adsense Program Policies
This order can changes every when so that there is nothing wrong to refer back this order in http://www.google.com/Adsense/policies.

Ownership Of Account

Ownership of account cannot be moved hand or commercialized.

Location of Advertisement

Site Content

While Google offers broad access to a variety of content in the search index, publishers in the AdSense program may only place Google ads on sites that adhere to our content guidelines, and ads must not be displayed on any page with content primarily in an unsupported language. View a list of supported languages.

Sites displaying Google ads may not include:

* Violent content, racial intolerance, or advocacy against any individual, group, or organization
* Pornography, adult, or mature content
* Hacking/cracking content
* Illicit drugs and drug paraphernalia
* Excessive profanity
* Gambling or casino-related content
* Content regarding programs which compensate users for clicking on ads or offers, performing searches, surfing websites, or reading emails
* Excessive, repetitive, or irrelevant keywords in the content or code of web pages
* Deceptive or manipulative content or construction to improve your site's search engine ranking, e.g., your site's PageRank
* Sales or promotion of weapons or ammunition (e.g., firearms, fighting knives, stun guns)
* Sales or promotion of beer or hard alcohol
* Sales or promotion of tobacco or tobacco-related products
* Sales or promotion of prescription drugs
* Sales or promotion of products that are replicas or imitations of designer goods
* Sales or distribution of term papers or student essays
* Any other content that is illegal, promotes illegal activity, or infringes on the legal rights of others

Copyrighted Material

Website publishers may not display Google ads on web pages with content protected by copyright law unless they have the necessary legal rights to display that content. Please see our DMCA policy for more information.
Webmaster Guidelines

AdSense publishers are required to adhere to the webmaster quality guidelines posted at http://www.google.com/webmasters/guidelines.html.
Site and Ad Behavior

Sites showing Google ads should be easy for users to navigate and should not contain excessive pop-ups. AdSense code may not be altered, nor may standard ad behavior be manipulated in any way that is not explicitly permitted by Google.

* Sites showing Google ads may not contain pop-ups or pop-unders that interfere with site navigation, change user preferences, or initiate downloads.
* Any AdSense code must be pasted directly into webpages without modification. AdSense participants are not allowed to alter any portion of the code or change the behavior, targeting, or delivery of ads. For instance, clicks on Google ads may not result in a new browser window being launched.
* A site or third party cannot display our ads, search box, search results, or referral buttons as a result of the actions of any software application such as a toolbar.
* No AdSense code may be integrated into a software application.
• Webpages containing AdSense code may not be loaded by any software that can trigger pop-ups, redirect users to unwanted websites, modify browser